Merge pull request 'updating text and icons' (#1717) from 20201126-icons-dc into master
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Reviewed-on: #1717
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@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
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<p>
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Viele europäische Akteure und Initiativen in der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit sind von öffentlichen Geldern gefördert oder komplett finanziert – über die Europäische Union oder deren Mitgliedstaaten. Entsprechend der <a href="https://publiccode.eu">„Public Money? Public Code!“-Kampagne</a> <strong>fordert die FSFE gerade auch im Bereich der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, dass durch Steuergelder (ko-)finanzierte Software-Entwicklung als Freie Software veröffentlicht wird</strong>. Darunter fällt sowohl für interne Arbeitsabläufe als auch von und für Partner vor Ort entwickelte Software. Nur so kann das ganze Potential der <a href="#positive-devlopment-by-using-free-software">positiven Entwicklungspolitischen Wirkung des Einsatzes und der Entwicklung Freier Software</a> komplett ausgeschöpft werden. Gerade in der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit gilt: Von allen bezahlter Code muss für alle verfügbar sein!
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Viele europäische Akteure und Initiativen in der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit sind von öffentlichen Geldern gefördert oder komplett finanziert – über die Europäische Union oder deren Mitgliedstaaten. Entsprechend der <a href="https://publiccode.eu">„Public Money? Public Code!“-Kampagne</a> <strong>fordert die FSFE gerade auch im Bereich der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, dass mit öffentlichen Geldern (ko-)finanzierte Software-Entwicklung als Freie Software veröffentlicht wird</strong>. Darunter fällt sowohl für interne Arbeitsabläufe als auch von und für Partner vor Ort entwickelte Software. Nur so kann das ganze Potential der <a href="#positive-devlopment-by-using-free-software">positiven Entwicklungspolitischen Wirkung des Einsatzes und der Entwicklung Freier Software</a> komplett ausgeschöpft werden. Gerade in der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit gilt: Von allen bezahlter Code muss für alle verfügbar sein!
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>Any independence resulting in turn requires the support of existing or the establishment of new local structures on site. Central problems should be solved or be made solvable locally, and prosperity should be made accessible and distributed appropriately. Many development policy initiatives and actors therefore rely heavily on working together with various local partner organizations, supporting them and, if necessary, integrating them into appropriate development programs.
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</p>
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<h3 id="digital-resources">Digital resources und dependencies</h3>
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<h3 id="digital-resources">Digital resources and dependencies</h3>
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<p>
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The focus of international development cooperation is increasingly shifting to the level of digital cooperation. Whether in agriculture, industrial production, health care or public administration, the development and maintenance of modern social processes is no longer conceivable without software. In this context, the global digital divide is almost identical to the global analog divide in social and political inequality. Traditional donor and recipient constellations remain almost unchanged, but development cooperation is shifting more and more into the digital realm.
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<h3 id="problem-proprietary-software">Problem: proprietary software </h3>
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<p>
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Most of these digital dependencies and problems are a by-product of the use of proprietary software. With proprietary software all rights of reuse and further development as well as modifications are reserved to the manufacturers. The roll-out of proprietary software strengthens thereby unconsciously or also deliberately the dependencies of users in the developing countries to the currently market-dominating software industry from the present industrial countries. From a development policy perspective and from a sustainability perspective, however, access to hardware, software and empowering knowledge should be as open as possible for everyone. The use of Free Software offers exactly this basis for such an open access approach for anyone in software. In this article the basics and advantages of the use of Free Software in development cooperation will be examined in detail.
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Most of these digital dependencies and problems are a by-product of the use of proprietary software. With proprietary software all rights of reuse and further development as well as modifications are reserved to the manufacturers. The roll-out of proprietary software thereby strengthens - unconsciously or deliberately - the dependencies of users in the developing countries to the currently market-dominating software industry from the present industrial countries. From a development policy perspective and from a sustainability perspective, however, access to hardware, software and empowering knowledge should be as open as possible for everyone. The use of Free Software offers exactly this basis for such an open access approach for anyone in software. In this article the basics and advantages of the use of Free Software in development cooperation will be examined in detail.
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</p>
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<h3 id="solution-free-software">Solution: Free Software as a fundament of development cooperation</h3>
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<p>
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eGovernance, eHealth, digital agriculture and other digital services of international development cooperation are based on the use of software. Functional software thus becomes the basic technology of social organization as well as of modern administrative services. Free Software allows once made development investments to be reused around the globe without (further) license costs and without legal or technical restrictions. The simultaneous publication of its source code on public code repositories also enables one's own software development to profit from reusing, improving and republishing by other actors around the globe - the so-called "upstream"<a class="fn" href="#fn1">1</a>. In terms of international cooperation, the freely licensed source code serves as a basis for organized or self-empowered knowledge multiplication and transfer as well as international cooperation. Free Software allows the development of digital cornerstoes and provides international standards without creating new monopolies and dependencies. In the same way, one's own software development can benefit from existing publications of other Free Software. Instead of constantly reinventing the wheel, Free Software allows all people to "stand on the shoulders of giants" at the same time.
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eGovernance, eHealth, digital agriculture and other digital services of international development cooperation are based on the use of software. Functional software thus becomes the basic technology of social organization as well as of modern administrative services. Free Software allows once made development investments once made to be reused around the globe without (further) license costs and without legal or technical restrictions. The simultaneous publication of its source code on public code repositories also enables one's own software development to profit from reusing, improving and republishing by other actors around the globe - the so-called "upstream"<a class="fn" href="#fn1">1</a>. In terms of international cooperation, the freely licensed source code serves as a basis for organized or self-empowered knowledge multiplication and transfer as well as international cooperation. Free Software allows the development of digital cornerstones and provides international standards without creating new monopolies and dependencies. In the same way, one's own software development can benefit from existing publications of other Free Software. Instead of constantly reinventing the wheel, Free Software allows all people to "stand on the shoulders of giants" at the same time.
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</p>
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<div class="fsgrid">
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<p>
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Numerous implementing organizations and givers in development cooperation, IT service providers and international organizations have since signed the <em>"Principles for Digital Development Cooperation"</em>. Other initiatives are orienting themselves towards or referring to these guidelines, for example the <a href="https://www.ictworks.org/principles-donors-digital-health/">"Principles of Donor Alignment for Digital Health"</a>. The signatories of both documents thus demand to benefit from the advantages of Free Software in international development cooperation.
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Numerous implementing organizations and donors in development cooperation, IT service providers and international organizations have since signed the <em>"Principles for Digital Development Cooperation"</em>. Other initiatives are orienting themselves towards or referring to these guidelines, for example the <a href="https://www.ictworks.org/principles-donors-digital-health/">"Principles of Donor Alignment for Digital Health"</a>. The signatories of both documents thus demand to benefit from the advantages of Free Software in international development cooperation.
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</p>
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<p>
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<p>
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Many European actors and initiatives in international development cooperation are supported or completely financed by public funds - via the European Union or its member states. According to the <a href="https://publiccode.eu">"Public Money? Public Code! campaign</a>, the FSFE demands that in all international development cooperation, (co-)financed software development is published as Free Software. This includes both internal workflows and software developed by and for local partners. Only this way can we unlock the full potential and the <a href="#positive-devlopment-by-using-free software">positive developmental impact that the use and development of Free Software</a> includes. Especially in the international development cooperation we acknowledge that code paid by the people should be available to the people!
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Many European actors and initiatives in international development cooperation are supported or completely financed by public funds - via the European Union or its member states. According to the <a href="https://publiccode.eu">"Public Money? Public Code! campaign</a>, the FSFE demands that in all international development cooperation, any software development (co-)financed with public money to be published as Free Software. This includes both internal workflows and software developed by and for local partners. Only this way can we unlock the full potential and the <a href="#positive-devlopment-by-using-free software">positive developmental impact that the use and development of Free Software</a> includes. Especially in the international development cooperation we acknowledge that code paid for by the people should be available to the people!
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="cost-transparency">Cost control and transparency</h3>
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<p>In absence of usage restrictions and license fees, a successful Free Software solution can be copied or implemented without limitation. This can benefit the limited budgets in developing countries<a class="fn" href="#fn8">8</a>. In particular, there is no danger of hidden costs as with proprietary solutions that are offered at a low price in the outset but could impose high follow-up costs or other uncontrollable price structures after its implementation and the resulting dependencies.
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<p>In the absence of usage restrictions and license fees, a successful Free Software solution can be copied or implemented without limitation. This can benefit the limited budgets in developing countries<a class="fn" href="#fn8">8</a>. In particular, there is no danger of hidden costs as with proprietary solutions that are offered at a low price at the outset but could impose high follow-up costs or other uncontrollable price structures after their implementation and the resulting dependencies.
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</p>
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</div>
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</li>
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<h3 id="legal-safety">Global legal certainty</h3>
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<p>Mitigate legal issues: All adapted local solutions, modifications and further development of Free Software within the scope of the license are carried out globally in a legally secure area. Free Software does not know illegal copies like proprietary software.</p>
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<p>Mitigate legal issues: All adapted local solutions, modifications and further development of Free Software within the scope of the license are carried out globally in a legally secure area. Free Software is not subject to illegal copies like proprietary software.</p>
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</div>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="open-standards">Open standards</h3>
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<p>Free Software offers best possibilities to ensure cooperative global interoperability through global adaptability and reusability and the use of open standards<a class="fn" href="#fn15">15</a>. Publicly provided open standards can be integrated by different vendors into their software and thus ensure communication between different services.</p>
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<p>Free Software offers the best possibilities to ensure cooperative global interoperability through global adaptability and reusability and the use of open standards<a class="fn" href="#fn15">15</a>. Publicly provided open standards can be integrated by different vendors into their software and thus ensure communication between different services.</p>
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</div>
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</li>
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<h3 id="security-quality">Security and quality</h3>
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<p>The openness of the source code enables a "many eyes principle". As in science, the possibility of mutual control ensures high quality and often enables security problems to be found and eliminated quickly. Security problems may also be published and solved, users can thus be informed and warned immediately<a class="fn" href="#fn16">16</a>.</p>
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<p>The openness of the source code enables a "many eyes principle". As in science, the possibility of mutual control ensures high quality and often enables security problems to be found and eliminated quickly. Security problems may also be published and solved; users can thus be informed and warned immediately<a class="fn" href="#fn16">16</a>.</p>
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</div>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<li id="fn3"><a href="https://www.unicefinnovationfund.org/about#open_source">https://www.unicefinnovationfund.org/about#open_source</a></li>
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<li id="fn4">Vergleiche <a href="https://publiccode.eu/">https://publiccode.eu/</a></li>
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<li id="fn6">Eligible are any licenses authorized as free license by the Free Software Foundation (<a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>) or the Open Source Initiative (<a href="http://opensource.org/licenses">http://opensource.org/licenses</a>).</li>
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<li id="fn6">Eligible are any licenses authorized as free licenses by the Free Software Foundation (<a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>) or the Open Source Initiative (<a href="http://opensource.org/licenses">http://opensource.org/licenses</a>).</li>
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<li id="fn7">Examples for such positive economic developments are <a href="https://www.dhis2.org">DHIS2</a> and <a href="https://openmrs.org">OpenMRS</a></li>
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<li id="fn8">The UN-study "Breaking Barriers - The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development" (<a href="https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publikationen/democratic_governance/RBAP-DG-APDIP-2006-Breaking-Barriers.pdf">PDF</a>) lists case studies about the use of Free Software in different parts of the world. It says that <em>All projects discussed in this publication state that one of the main reasons for choosing FOSS over proprietary software is that no license fees need to be paid for FOSS."</em> (S.5)</li>
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<li id="fn9">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”, p. 170</li>
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<li id="fn10">Respond of the german government on the <a href="https://kleineanfragen.de/bundestag/19/12172-auswirkungen-der-digitalisierung-fuer-den-globalen-sueden.txt">questions by the Greens, answer 26</a>: „The use of Free Software in public administration can have advantages for developing countries. Depending on the type of software, area of application and number of users, the use of Free Software can above all help to save costs and make IT systems interoperable, thus reducing dependence on providers who use proprietary interfaces and formats.“ (own translation)</li>
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<li id="fn10">Response of the german government on the <a href="https://kleineanfragen.de/bundestag/19/12172-auswirkungen-der-digitalisierung-fuer-den-globalen-sueden.txt">questions by the Greens, answer 26</a>: „The use of Free Software in public administration can have advantages for developing countries. Depending on the type of software, area of application and number of users, the use of Free Software can above all help to save costs and make IT systems interoperable, thus reducing dependence on providers who use proprietary interfaces and formats.“ (own translation)</li>
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<li id="fn11">The UN-study: “Breaking Barriers - The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development” (<a href="https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/democratic_governance/RBAP-DG-APDIP-2006-Breaking-Barriers.pdf">PDF</a>) lists multiple case studies in developing countries and within Europe, whose software success and adoption was only due to language adoptions as these projects aim at <em>“getting non-English speaking communities to use computers”</em> (Seite 6).</li>
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<li id="fn12">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”</li>
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<li id="fn13">Compare “Free and Open Source Software and Technology for Sustainable Development” (Sowe et al., UNU Press, 2012), s.317: <em>“Partnerships are even more important: partners who together define the problems, design possible solutions, collaborate to implement them and monitor and evaluate the outcome. [...] Introducing technology too fast, without clear goals that are negotiated by all parties involved, will eventually result in its rejection. FOSS technologies for sustainable development should be more evolutionary than revolutionary.”</em></li>
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