remove outdated files from about/basics
This commit is contained in:
@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="author-name-1" content="Sam Tuke"/>
|
||||
<meta name="author-link-1" content="/about/tuke/tuke.html"/>
|
||||
<meta name="publication-date" content="2011-08-10"/>
|
||||
<title>Κατευθυντήριες Οδηγίες για την Υπεράσπιση</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Αποτελεσματική υπεράσπιση του Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Το να εξηγείς στον κόσμο για το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό, είναι ένα σημαντικό,
|
||||
αλλά μερικές φορές δύσκολο έργο. Οι σύνθετες ιδέες και η ορολογία, οι λεπτές
|
||||
παραλλαγές, αλλά και η ιστορική του πορεία με το έντονο πολιτικό περιεχόμενο,
|
||||
όλα αυτά μπορούν να είναι εις βάρος της αποτελεσματικής του υπεράσπισης. Αυτές
|
||||
οι κατευθυντήριες γραμμές έχουν στόχο να σας βοηθήσουν να επικοινωνείτε με
|
||||
σαφήνεια και συνέπεια, να παρουσιάζετε τον εαυτό σας και αυτά που λέτε με
|
||||
τρόπο ακαταμάχητο και αξιόπιστο.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> μιλάτε για το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό ελεύθερα και συχνά
|
||||
με τους φίλους και τους συνεργάτες σας.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μην</strong> κριτικάρετε τους άλλους για την απουσία
|
||||
ενδιαφέροντος ή την έλλειψη κατανόησης που δείχνουν για το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό.
|
||||
Προσπαθήστε να κατανοήσετε τους ανθρώπους που δεν συμφωνούν μαζί σας, και μην
|
||||
επιχειρήσετε να τους πιέσετε να υιοθετήσουν τις δικές σας απόψεις. Το Ελεύθερο
|
||||
Λογισμικό είναι ένα σημαντικό θέμα και πηγή έμπνευσης από μόνο του. Αν κάποιος
|
||||
δεν μπορεί να διακρίνει την αξία του, τότε απλώς περιμένετε μέχρι να βρείτε
|
||||
κάποιον άλλον που να μπορεί, για να συνεχίσετε τη συζήτηση.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> δίνετε πραγματικά παραδείγματα και με εποικοδομητικό
|
||||
τρόπο για τα προβλήματα που προκαλεί το μη-Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό. Αν αναφέρεστε
|
||||
σε έναν «εμπορικό προμηθευτή», μπορεί να είναι το ίδιο αποτελεσματικό όσο και
|
||||
το να μιλάτε για μία εταιρεία με το όνομά της.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μην</strong> εστιάζετε την κριτική σας για το ιδιοκτησιακό
|
||||
λογισμικό σε μία μόνο εταιρεία. Εάν πρέπει να αναφέρετε μια εταιρεία
|
||||
ονομαστικά, τότε προσπαθήστε να προσφέρετε αρκετά παραδείγματα διαφόρων
|
||||
εταιρειών, για να δείξετε ότι το πρόβλημα επηρεάζει περισσότερους από έναν
|
||||
οργανισμούς. Τα πιο σοβαρά προβλήματα που αφορούν το μη-Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό
|
||||
είναι γενικής φύσης. Αν αναφερθείτε στα προβλήματα λογικής τάξης που επηρεάζουν
|
||||
μία αγορά ή μία συγκεκριμένη πρακτική, αυτό θα προσδώσει στις θέσεις σας
|
||||
μεγαλύτερη επιρροή και θα σας βοηθήσει να αποφύγετε τη μεροληψία.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> παραθέτετε τα γεγονότα και τις πηγές σας, όπου είναι
|
||||
εφικτό, αλλά να είστε σαφείς σχετικά με την προέλευση των πληροφοριών σας.
|
||||
Εάν δεν μπορείτε να θυμηθείτε την παραπομπή για κάτι που αναφέρατε σε κάποια
|
||||
συζήτηση, τότε εξετάστε την περίπτωση να κρατήσετε μία σημείωση, δεσμευόμενοι
|
||||
ότι θα στείλετε μέσω e-mail αυτήν την παραπομπή αργότερα, όταν θα έχετε το
|
||||
χρόνο να τη βρείτε.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μη</strong> βασίζετε τα επιχειρήματά σας σε πληροφορίες τις
|
||||
οποίες δεν μπορείτε να θυμηθείτε με σαφήνεια ή να επιβεβαιώσετε εύκολα.
|
||||
Επικεντρωθείτε στα γεγονότα και μη μπαίνετε σε εικασίες, γενικεύσεις και
|
||||
αόριστες υποθέσεις εργασίας, παρά μόνο στις σπάνιες περιπτώσεις όπου κάτι
|
||||
τέτοιο είναι πραγματικά σκόπιμο.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> σταθμίζετε προσεκτικά τα επιχειρήματά σας στο δικό σας
|
||||
επίπεδο κατανόησης, αλλά και σε εκείνο των συνομιλητών σας. Επικεντρώστε σε
|
||||
θέματα που γνωρίζετε καλά και για τα οποία διαθέτετε προσωπική εμπειρία (ακόμα
|
||||
και αν δεν είναι και τόσο επίκαιρα ή πολύ εντυπωσιακά) και τα οποία το
|
||||
ακροατήριό σας θα είναι σε θέση να αντιληφθεί άμεσα.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μη</strong> γίνεται η ομιλία σας υπερβολικά τεχνοκρατική ή
|
||||
θεωρητική, αν μπορείτε να διακρίνετε ότι κάτι τέτοιο είναι ακατάλληλο για
|
||||
το κοινό σας. Είναι εύκολο να μιλά κανείς επί μακρόν για το προσωπικό του
|
||||
αγαπημένο project ή για τις αρχές του, αλλά να θυμάστε ότι αν ο στόχος σας
|
||||
είναι να υπερασπιστείτε αποτελεσματικά το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό, τότε θα πρέπει
|
||||
να ορίσετε τα ενδιαφέροντα και το τεχνικό επίπεδο του κοινού σας και να τους
|
||||
προσεγγίσετε ανάλογα.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> έχετε υπομονή, ηρεμία, λογική και στόχευση στην
|
||||
επικοινωνία σας. Αγνοήστε τις προκλητικές συμπεριφορές, αν είναι δυνατόν, και
|
||||
προσπαθήστε να τις αποκλιμακώσετε, όταν δεν είναι.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μην</strong> είστε βιαστικοί, θυμωμένοι, και με προσωπικές
|
||||
αντιπαραθέσεις στις επικοινωνίες σας. Δεν έχετε τίποτα να αποδείξετε, ενώ το
|
||||
Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό θα συνεχίσει να αναπτύσσεται ανεξαρτήτως της γνώμης του
|
||||
οποιουδήποτε μεμονωμένου προσώπου ή ομάδας, γι' αυτό λοιπόν, μην εμπλέκεστε
|
||||
σε μη εποικοδομητικές αντιπαραθέσεις.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> εργαστείτε σκληρά για να συναντηθείτε και να συζητήσετε
|
||||
με ανθρώπους που έχουν εκδηλώσει το ενδιαφέρον τους για το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό.
|
||||
Δώστε συνέχεια σε αυτές τις επαφές και προσπαθήστε να τους δώσετε όλες τις
|
||||
πληροφορίες που ζητούν (σε λογικά πλαίσια).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μη</strong> σπαταλάτε το χρόνο σας επικοινωνώντας με ανθρώπους
|
||||
που έχουν εκφράσει σαφώς την έλλειψη ενδιαφέροντος. Οι προσπάθειές σας μπορεί
|
||||
να είναι πιο παραγωγικές αλλού.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> οργανώνετε παρουσιάσεις καλού Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού,
|
||||
ειδικά αν το χρησιμοποιείτε και εσείς οι ίδιοι. Η μετάδοση της εμπειρίας
|
||||
είναι παράγοντας εμπιστοσύνης, άρα, το να δείξετε πώς επωφελείσθε «σήμερα»
|
||||
από το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό, μπορεί να αποβεί πολύ πιο ελκυστικό για μερικούς
|
||||
ανθρώπους από οποιοδήποτε φιλοσοφικό επιχείρημα.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μην</strong> υπόσχεσθε και μην υπονοείτε πράγματα που το
|
||||
Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό δεν μπορεί να προσφέρει. Μπορείτε να κάνετε πάρα πολλά
|
||||
πράγματα με το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό, αλλά όχι τα πάντα, και το να προσποιηθούμε
|
||||
ότι δεν είναι έτσι, θα οδηγήσει μόνο σε κακώς αυξημένες προσδοκίες και, άρα,
|
||||
σε αποθάρρυνση και απογοήτευση.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να</strong> βρείτε τρόπους να καλέσετε νέες επαφές, να συναντήσετε
|
||||
άλλους υποστηρικτές του Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού και να είστε σε επαφή με τις
|
||||
ομάδες της τοπικής κοινότητας. Το να συναντάτε ανθρώπους που σκέπτονται με
|
||||
όμοιο με εσάς τρόπο και με κοινά ενδιαφέροντα, είναι ένας εξαιρετικός τρόπος
|
||||
για να αναθερμάνετε ένα νέο ενδιαφέρον για το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Να μην</strong> περιμένετε ότι ο καθένας που συναντάτε θα
|
||||
ενδιαφερθεί να παρακολουθήσει την τοπική σας Ομάδα Χρηστών Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού
|
||||
ή το hackerspace που ίσως διαθέτετε. Οι περισσότεροι θα έρθουν μόνο μία ή και
|
||||
περισσότερες φορές σε μια κοινωνική εκδήλωση ή σε μία κοινότητα, αν αυτή τους
|
||||
καλοδεχθεί και αποδεχθεί το επίπεδο του ενδιαφέροντος και της κατανόησης που
|
||||
διαθέτουν. Ακόμα και όταν αυτό ισχύει, θα πρέπει να είστε φιλόξενοι και
|
||||
υπομονετικοί, και μην προσδοκάτε παρά μόνο για λίγους από τους γνωστούς σας
|
||||
ότι θα έχουν τη διάθεση να περάσουν τον ελεύθερο χρόνο τους, ερχόμενοι σε μια
|
||||
τέτοια εκδήλωση.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr/>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<tags>
|
||||
<tag>editors</tag>
|
||||
<tag>advocacy</tag>
|
||||
<tag>fellowship</tag>
|
||||
<tag>community</tag>
|
||||
</tags>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date$ $Author$</timestamp>
|
||||
<translator>Constantine Mousafiris</translator>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="author-name-1" content="Sam Tuke" />
|
||||
<meta name="author-link-1" content="/about/tuke/tuke.html" />
|
||||
<meta name="publication-date" content="2011-08-10" />
|
||||
<title>Advocacy Guidelines</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Effective Free Software advocacy</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Explaining Free Software is an important but sometimes difficult task. Complex ideas and terminology, subtle variations and an intensely political history can all get in the way of effective advocacy. These guidelines aim to help you to communicate clearly and consistently, and present yourself and what you're saying in a compelling and credible light.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Talk about Free Software freely and frequently with your friends and associates</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Criticise others for their lack of interest or understanding of Free Software. Try to understand people who don't agree with you, and don't attempt to force them to adopt your views. Free Software is an important and enlightening topic in its own right; if one particular person cannot see its value then wait until you find somebody else that does to continue your discussion.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Give real examples of problems that non-Free Software causes in a constructive way. Referring to "the vendor" can be as effective as reffering to a company by name.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Focus your criticism of proprietary software on just one company. If you need to mention a company by name, try and give several examples of different companies to show that the problem affects more than one organisation. The most serious problems relating to non-Free Software are broad and generic. Referring to logical problems affecting a market or practice will give greater impact to your statements and help avoid bias.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Cite your facts and sources wherever possible, and be clear about where your information comes from. If you can't remember the reference for something that you mention in conversation, consider making a note to email the reference later when you have time to find it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Base your arguments on information that you cannot remember clearly or easily verify. Stick to the facts and save guesswork, generalisations, and broad assumptions for the rare occasions when they're really appropriate.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Carefully pitch your arguments to your own level of understanding, and that of your audience. Focus on themes that you know well and have personal experience with (even if they're not as topical, or as high impact), and which your audience will be able to personally relate to.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Be overly technical or philosophical if you can tell that this is inappropriate for your audience. It's easy to talk at length about your favorite project or principles, but remember that if your goal is communicating effectively about Free Software then you must determine the interests and technical level of your audience and approach them accordingly.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Be patient, calm, reasonable, and objective in your communications. Ignore challenging behaviour if possible, and attempt to de-escalate if not.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Be hurried, angry, or personal in your communications. You have nothing to prove and Free Software will continue to thrive regardless of the opinion of any one person or group, so don't get involved in non-constructive debates.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Work hard to meet and discuss with people who have expressed an interest in Free Software. Chase up these contacts and try to provide them with the information that they request (within reason).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Spend your time contacting people who have clearly expressed their lack of interest. Your efforts can be more productive elsewhere.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Give demonstrations of good Free Software, especially if you are using it yourself. Seeing is believing, and showing how you are benefiting from Free Software "today" can be more intriguing to some people than any philosophical argument.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Promise or imply things that Free Software can't deliver. You can do an enormous number of things with Free Software, but not everything, and pretending that this isn't the case will only falsely raise expectations and lead to frustration and disappointment.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Do:</strong> Find ways to invite new contacts to meet other Free Software advocates and attend local community groups. Meeting like-minded people with shared interests is an excellent way to foster a new interest in Free Software.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Don't:</strong> Expect everyone you meet to be interested in attending your local Free Software user group or hackerspace. Most people will only come once or more to a social or community event if it accommodates them and their level of interest and understanding. Even when this is the case, expect to have to be welcoming and patient, and for only a few of your contacts to be prepared to spend their free time coming to such an event.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<tags>
|
||||
<tag>editors</tag>
|
||||
<tag>advocacy</tag>
|
||||
<tag>fellowship</tag>
|
||||
<tag>community</tag>
|
||||
</tags>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2011-02-17 09:31:39 +0000 (Thu, 17 Feb 2011) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="author-name-1" content="Sam Tuke" />
|
||||
<meta name="author-link-1" content="/about/tuke/tuke.html" />
|
||||
<meta name="publication-date" content="2011-08-10" />
|
||||
<title>Udhëzime për Mbrojtës dhe Përkrahës</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Mbrojtje dhe Përkrahje e Frytshme e Software-it të Lirë</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Shpjegimet mbi Software-in e Lirë janë të rëndësishme, por nganjëherë punë e vështirë. Ide dhe terminologji e ndërlikuar, variacione të holla dhe një historik tejet politik mund t’i zënë rrugën një mbrojtjeje të frytshme. Këto udhëzime synojnë t’ju ndihmojnë të komunikoni qartë dhe qëndrueshëm, dhe të paraqitni veten dhe ato çka mbroni nën një optikë tërheqëse dhe të besueshme.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Flisni shpesh dhe lirisht me miqtë dhe shokët tuaj mbi Software-in e Lirë</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> Kritikoni të tjerët për mungesë interesi apo të kuptuari të Software-it të Lirë. Përpiquni të kuptoni njerëzit që nuk pajtohen me ju, dhe mos u përpiqni t’i detyroni të adoptojnë optikën tuaj. Software-i i Lirë është një temë e rëndësishme dhe ndriçuese në vetvete; nëse një person nuk e sheh dot vlerën e tij, atëherë prisni deri sa të gjeni dikë tjetër që e sheh dhe të vazhdoni diskutimin tuaj.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Jepni, në mënyrë konstruktive, shembuj të njëmendtë problemesh që shkakton Software-i Jo i Lirë. Të flasësh për "tregtues" mund të jetë po aq e frytshme sa të flasësh për një kompani duke përdorur emrin e saj.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> E përqendroni kritikën tuaj të software-it pronësor vetëm te një kompani. Nëse ju duhet të përmendni një kompani me emër, provoni të jepni disa shembuj kompanish të ndryshme, për të treguar që problemi prek më shumë se sa një të tillë. Problemet më serioze të Software-it Jo të Lirë janë të përhapura masivisht. Duke iu referuar problemeve logjike që prekin një treg apo një praktikë, pohimet tuaja do të prodhojnë më shumë ndikim dhe do të ndihmojnë të shmanget anëmbajtja.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Përmendni faktet dhe burimet tuaja kurdo që të jetë e mundur, dhe jini i qartë rreth se prej nga vijnë informacionet tuaja. Nëse nuk e mbani mend referencën për diçka që përmendi në bashkëbisedim, shihni mundësinë të vini në dukje gatishmërinë për ta dërguar referencën me email më vonë, kur të keni kohë ta gjeni.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> I bazoni argumentet tuaja në informacion që nuk e kujtoni dot ose që nuk verifikohet dot lehtësisht. Merruni me faktet dhe ruajini hamendësimet, përgjithësimet dhe supozimet e gjera për rastet e rralla kur janë vërtet të përshtatshme.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Akordojini me kujdes argumentet për shkallën tuaj të të kuptuarit dhe atë të publikut tuaj. Përqendrohuni në tema që i njihni mirë dhe për të cilat keni përvojë vetjake (edhe pse nuk përfaqësojnë dhe aq një temë, ose nuk kanë ndikim të madh), dhe të cilat publiku juaj do të jetë në gjendje t’i lidhë me raste personale.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> Jini teknik apo filozofik më shumë se sa duhet, nëse e kuptoni që kjo është e papërshtatshme për publikun tuaj. Është e lehtë të flasësh gjerë e gjatë rreth projektit apo parimeve tuaja të parapëlqyera, por mbani mend që synimi juaj është të komunikoni frytshëm rreth Software-it të Lirë, ndaj duhet të përcaktoni shkallën teknike dhe atë të interesave të publikut tuaj dhe të ecni në përputhje me to.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Jini i durueshëm, i qetë, i arsyeshëm, dhe objektiv gjatë bashkëbisedimeve tuaja. Nëse mundet, shpërfillini sjelljet sfiduese, dhe përpiquni t’i çpërshkallzoni, nëse nuk mundet.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> Jini i nxituar, i zemëruar, ose personal në bashkëbisedimet tuaja. Nuk keni gjë për të provuar dhe Software-i i Lirë do të vazhdojë të lulëzojë pavarësisht opinionit të kujdo personi ose grupi, ndaj mos u përfshini në debate jokonstruktive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Punoni shumë për t’u takuar dhe diskutuar me njerëz që kanë shprehu interes për Software-in e Lirë. Bjeruni nga pas këtyre kontakteve dhe përpiquni t’u jepni atyre informacionin që kërkojnë (sa lejon arsyeja).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> Harxhoni kohën duke u lidhur me persona që e kanë shprehu qartë mungesën e interesit. Përpjekjet tuaja mund të jenë më të frytshme gjetiu.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Demonstroni Software të Lirë të arrirë, veçanërisht nëse e përdorni vetë. "Po nuk e pashë, nuk e besoj"... thuhet, dhe duke u treguar se si po përfitoni që "sot" nga Software-i i Lirë, për disa persona mund të jetë më tepër ngacmuese se çfarëdo diskutimi filozofik rreth tij.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> Premtoni ose lini të hamendësohen gjëra që Software-i i Lirë nuk i ofron dot. Mund të bëni një numër shumë të madh gjërash me Software-in e Lirë, por jo gjithçka, dhe të pretendosh të kundërtën vetëm se do të hapni orekse në mënyrë të gënjeshtërt dhe shpini dikë në zhgënjim dhe sëkëlldi.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Po:</strong> Zbuloni rrugë për të ftuar kontakte të reja të takojnë mbrojtësit dhe përkrahësit e Software-it të Lirë dhe të marrin pjesë në grupe bashkësish vendore. Takimi me persona që mendojnë pak a shumë njësoj, me interesa të përbashkëta, është një mënyrë e shkëlqyer për të ngjizur interes karshi Software-it të Lirë.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Mos:</strong> Prisni që gjithkush që takoni të jetë i interesuar të marrë pjesë në grupin tuaj vendor të përdoruesve të Software-it të Lirë. Shumica e njerëzve do të vijnë vetëm një ose disa herë në një veprimtari shoqërore ose të bashkësisë, edhe pse u përshtatet fare mirë atyre vetë dhe nivelit të tyre të interesimit dhe dijes. Edhe pse është kështu, jini gati që do t’ju duhet të jeni mikpritës dhe i duruar, dhe që vetëm pak prej kontakteve tuaja do të jenë të përgatitur të shpenzojnë kohën e tyre të lirë në veprimtari të tilla.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<tags>
|
||||
<tag>editors</tag>
|
||||
<tag>advocacy</tag>
|
||||
<tag>fellowship</tag>
|
||||
<tag>community</tag>
|
||||
</tags>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2011-02-17 09:31:39 +0000 (Thu, 17 Feb 2011) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>0</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - Τι είναι το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό;</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1>Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό είναι το λογισμικό που εγγυάται ένα σύνολο ελευθεριών
|
||||
για τους χρήστες του. Είναι 'ελεύθερο' όπως στην ελευθερία, όχι με την έννοια
|
||||
του 'δωρεάν'. Αν και η σημασία αυτή αποδίδεται με
|
||||
<a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html#terminology">μια ποικιλία όρων</a>,
|
||||
στο FSFE
|
||||
<a href="/documents/whyfs.html">προτιμάμε να μιλάμε για Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό
|
||||
</a> επειδή έτσι αντανακλάται καλύτερα η φιλοσοφία σχετικά με τις
|
||||
<a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">τέσσερις ελευθερίες</a>
|
||||
οι οποίες είναι εγγενείς σε αυτό.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Το κίνημα του Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού ξεκίνησε με τον Richard Stallman το 1983
|
||||
όταν εγκαινίασε το
|
||||
<a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">GNU project</a>. Στηρίχθηκε
|
||||
στην ιδέα ότι οι άνθρωποι πρέπει να έχουν πλήρη έλεγχο στο λογισμικό που
|
||||
κατέχουν. Ο Stallman αντιλήφθηκε ότι για να είναι αυτό εφικτό, η πρόσβαση στον
|
||||
<a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">πηγαίο κώδικα</a> του
|
||||
προγράμματος ενός υπολογιστή είναι μια θεμελιώδης απαίτηση. Πέρα από το πεδίο
|
||||
της βιομηχανίας υπολογιστών, ο αγώνας για την υιοθέτηση του ελεύθερου
|
||||
λογισμικού έχει επεκταθεί και στον αγώνα για την υιοθέτηση νόμων φιλικών προς
|
||||
τα <a href="/activities/os/os.html">ανοιχτά πρότυπα</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Σχετικοί σύνδεσμοι</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">Ένας ορισμός για το
|
||||
Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">Μια σύγκριση των
|
||||
διαφορετικών όρων για το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό (Ανοιχτός Κώδικας, FOSS, FLOSS
|
||||
κτλ.)</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Γιατί μιλάμε για Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό
|
||||
</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">Τι είναι
|
||||
ο 'πηγαίος κώδικας';</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">
|
||||
Σε ποιον ανήκει το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό;</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li> <a href="/activities/os/os.html">Τι είναι
|
||||
τα 'Ανοιχτά Πρότυπα';</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">Πώς να εξηγήσετε
|
||||
τις τέσσερις ελευθερίες στα παιδιά</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">Τι είναι το
|
||||
'GNU project'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">
|
||||
Διάλεξη του Richard Stallman για το νόημα και τη σημασία του Ελεύθερου
|
||||
Λογισμικού</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">
|
||||
Διάλεξη του Richard Stallman για το κίνημα του Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού
|
||||
και το μέλλον της ελευθερίας</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2009-07-09 10:06:27 +0200 (Thu, 09 Jul 2009) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - What is Free Software?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Free Software</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Not to translators: The Free Software section is under heavy
|
||||
reconstruction. So please do not yet start to translate pages, which are
|
||||
not send to translators@lists.fsfe.org -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Free Software is software that guarantees a set of freedoms to its users. It is 'free' as in freedom not as in 'free of charge'. Although <a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html#terminology">a variety of terms</a> are used to refer to it, at FSFE <a href="/documents/whyfs.html">we prefer to talk about Free Software</a> because this better reflects the philosophy of the <a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">four freedoms</a> which are intrinsic to it. </p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The Free Software movement was started by Richard Stallman in 1983 when he inaugurated the <a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">GNU project</a>. This was based on the idea that people should have full control over the software they own. Stallman recognised that in order to achieve this, access to a computer program's <a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">source code</a> was a fundamental requirement. Beyond the realm of just the computer industry, the struggle for Free Software has extended to the adoption of laws on <a href="/activities/os/os.html">open standards</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Related information</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">A definition of Free Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">A comparison of the different terms for Free Software (Open Source, FOSS, FLOSS etc.)</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Why do we speak about Free Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">What is a 'source code'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">Who owns Free Software?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/activities/os/os.html">What are 'Open Standards'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">How to explain the four freedoms of Free Software to children</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">What is the 'GNU project'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">Richard Stallman lecture on the meaning and importance of Free Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">Richard Stallman lecture on the Free Software movement and the future of freedom</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2009-07-09 10:06:27 +0200 (Thu, 09 Jul 2009) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - Qu'est-ce que le Logiciel Libre ?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1>Logiciel Libre</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Not to translators: The Free Software section is under heavy
|
||||
reconstruction. So please do not yet start to translate pages, which are
|
||||
not send to translators@lists.fsfe.org -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
<p>Un logiciel libre est un logiciel qui garantit un ensemble de libertés à ses utilisateurs. Libre n'est pas synonyme de gratuité au sens marchand mais il exprime la notion des libertés qu'il octroie. Bien qu'une grande <a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html#terminology">variété de termes</a> soit utilisée pour le désigner, à la FSFE, <a href="/documents/whyfs.html">nous préférons parler de Logiciel Libre</a> car cela reflète bien mieux la philosophie des <a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">quatre libertés</a> qu'il contient.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Le mouvement du logiciel libre a vu le jour lors de l'inauguration du <a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">Projet GNU</a> en 1983 à l'initiative de Richard Mattew Stallman (RMS). Cette décision reposait sur l'idée que les gens devaient avoir le contrôle complet des logiciels qu'ils possédaient. Stallman admit que pour atteindre cet objectif, l'accès au <a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">code source</a> du programme informatique était une exigence fondamentale. Au-delà du seul domaine informatique professionnel (et de la sphère professionnelle) la lutte pour le Logiciel libre s'est étendue à l'adoption de lois sur les <a href="/activities/os/os.html">standards ouverts</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
<h2>Informations liées</h2>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">Une définition du Logiciel Libre</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">Une comparaison de différents termes pour Logiciel libre (Open Source, FOSS, FLOSS etc.)</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Pourquoi nous parlons de Logiciel Libre ?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">C'est quoi un « code source » ?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">À qui appartient le Logiciel Libre ?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/activities/os/os.html">Qu'est-ce que les « Standards Ouverts » ?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">Comment expliquer les quatre libertés du Logiciel Libre aux enfants ?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">C'est quoi le « Projet GNU » ?</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">Conférence de Richard Stallman sur le Logiciel Libre, ce qu'il signifie et pourquoi c'est important</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">Conférence de Richard Stallman sur le mouvement, la culture du Logiciel Libre et les libertés dans l'avenir</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date$ $Author$</timestamp>
|
||||
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - Cos'è il Software Libero?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Software Libero</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Not to translators: The Free Software section is under heavy
|
||||
reconstruction. So please do not yet start to translate pages, which are
|
||||
not send to translators@lists.fsfe.org -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Il Software Libero è software che garantisce un insieme di libertà ai suoi utenti. In inglese 'libero' si traduce con 'free' e, purtroppo, anche 'gratuito' in inglese si traduce con 'free', per cui in inglese per indicare che 'free' significa 'libero' si ricorre spesso alla frase «'free' as in freedom not as in 'free of charge'» che in italiano suona un po' strana se tradotta letteralmente: «'libero' come in libertà e non come in 'libero da costi (gratuito)'». Sebbene siano usati <a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html#terminology">vari termini</a> per riferirsi ad esso, alla FSFE <a href="/documents/whyfs.html">preferiamo parlare di Software Libero</a> perché ciò riflette meglio la filosofia delle <a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">quattro libertà</a> che sono intrinseche in esso.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Il movimento del Software Libero fu fondato da Richard Stallman nel 1983 quando inaugurò il <a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">progetto GNU</a>. Il progetto era basato sull'idea che le persone dovessero avere pieno controllo sul software che possiedono. Stallman osservò che un requisito fondamentale per raggiungere ciò era l'accesso al <a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">codice sorgente</a> di un software. La lotta per il Software Libero si è estesa, oltre l'ambito della sola industria dei computer, all'adozione di leggi sugli <a href="/activities/os/os.html">standard aperti</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Informazioni correlate</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">Una definizione di Software Libero</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">Un confronto dei diversi termini per il Software Libero (Open Source, FOSS, FLOSS, etc...)</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Perché noi parliamo di Software Libero</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">Cos'è il 'codice sorgente'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">Chi possiede il Software Libero?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/activities/os/os.html">Cosa sono gli 'Standard Aperti'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">Come spiegare le quattro libertà del Software Libero ad un bambino</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">Che cos'è il 'progetto GNU'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">Lezione di Richard Stallman sul significato dell'importanza del Software Libero</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">Lezione di Richard Stallman sul movimento del Software Libero e sul futuro della libertà</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date$ $Author$</timestamp>
|
||||
<translator>Tarin Gamberini</translator>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - Wat is Vrije Software?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Vrije Software</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Not to translators: The Free Software section is under heavy
|
||||
reconstruction. So please do not yet start to translate pages, which are
|
||||
not send to translators@lists.fsfe.org -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Vrije Software is software die een aantal vrijheden garandeert aan haar gebruikers. Het is 'vrij' zoals in vrijheid en niet zoals in 'vrij van betalen'. Hoewel <a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html#terminology">er verschillende termen</a> worden gebruikt om eraan te refereren <a href="/documents/whyfs.html">geeft FSFE de voorkeur aan het spreken van Vrije Software</a> omdat dit beter de filosofie reflecteert van de <a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">vier vrijheden</a> die er intrinsiek aan zijn</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>De Vrije Software-beweging is in 1983 gestart door Richard Stallman bij de aftrap van het <a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">GNU project</a>. Dit was gebaseerd op het idee dat mensen volledige controle zouden moeten hebben over de software die zij bezitten. Stallman onderkende dat om dit te bereiken, de toegang tot de <a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">broncode</a> van programma's een fundamentele vereiste is. De strijd voor Vrije Software is verder gegaan dan het gebied van de computerindustrie en gaat nu ook over het aannemen van wetten over <a href="/activities/os/os.html">Open Standaarden</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Verwante informatie</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">Een definitie van Vrije Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">Een vergelijking tussen verschillende termen voor Vrije Software (Open Bron, FOSS, FLOSS etc.)</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Waarom spreken wij van Vrije Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">Wat is een 'broncode'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">Wie is de eigenaar van Vrije Software?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/activities/os/os.html">Wat zijn 'Open Standaarden'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">Hoe kunt u de vier vrijheden van Vrije Software uitleggen aan kinderen</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">Wat is het 'GNU-project'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">Lezing van Richard Stallman over de betekenis en het belang van Vrije Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">Lezing van Richard Stallman over de Vrije Software-beweging en de toekomst van vrijheid</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2009-07-09 10:06:27 +0200 (Thu, 09 Jul 2009) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
<translator>André Ockers</translator>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - What is Free Software?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Свободное программное обеспечение</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Not to translators: The Free Software section is under heavy
|
||||
reconstruction. So please do not yet start to translate pages, which are
|
||||
not send to translators@lists.fsfe.org -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Свободное программное обеспечение (от англ. «free software»)
|
||||
гарантирует основные свободы пользователям. В английском языке
|
||||
«free» может восприниматься как в значении свободный, так и
|
||||
бесплатный, однако, «cвободный» в сочетании «свободное программное
|
||||
обеспечение» означает именно свободу, а не стоимость. Несмотря на
|
||||
вариативность терминов, определяющих свободное программное
|
||||
обеспечение, в FSFE мы используем именно термин «свободный», так
|
||||
как это наилучшим образом отражает <a
|
||||
href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">четыре основополагающих
|
||||
свободы</a> пользователей, которые являются неотъемлемой частью
|
||||
свободного программного обеспечения.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>История свободного программного обеспечения началась в 1983
|
||||
году, когда Ричард Столлман основал проект <a
|
||||
href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">GNU</a>, это движение
|
||||
было основано на праве пользователей иметь полный контроль над
|
||||
программами, которые им принадлежат. Столлман осознавал, что
|
||||
основополагающим условием для достижения этой цели является доступ
|
||||
к <a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">исходному коду</a>
|
||||
компьютерных программ. Впоследствии борьба за свободное
|
||||
программное обеспечение распространилась и на другие сферы
|
||||
деятельности, помимо индустрии информационных технологий, что
|
||||
послужило основой для принятия ряда законов об <a
|
||||
href="/activities/os/os.html">Открытых Стандартах</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Дополнительная информация (на англ. языке)</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">A definition of Free Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">A comparison of the different terms for Free Software (Open Source, FOSS, FLOSS etc.)</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Why do we speak about Free Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">What is a 'source code'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">Who owns Free Software?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/activities/os/os.html">What are 'Open Standards'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">How to explain the four freedoms of Free Software to children</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">What is the 'GNU project'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">Richard Stallman lecture on the meaning and importance of Free Software</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">Richard Stallman lecture on the Free Software movement and the future of freedom</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2009-07-09 10:06:27 +0200 (Thu, 09 Jul 2009) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - Çfarë është Software-i i Lirë?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Software-i i Lirë</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Note to translators: The Free Software section is under heavy
|
||||
reconstruction. So please do not yet start to translate pages, which are
|
||||
not send to translators@lists.fsfe.org -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Software-i i Lirë është software që u garanton përdoruesve të vet një grup lirish. Është 'i lirë' si në kuptimin e lirisë, jo si te 'falas, pa pagesë'. Edhe pse për t’iu referuar atij përdoren <a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html#terminology">një larmi termash</a>, te FSFE-ja <a href="/documents/whyfs.html">parapëlqejmë të flasim për Software të Lirë</a>, ngaqë kështu pasqyrohet më mirë filozofia e <a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">katër lirive</a> që janë të pandashme prej tij. </p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Lëvizja për Software të Lirë u nis nga Richard Stallman më 1983 kur ai përuroi <a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">projektin GNU</a>. Ky bazohej te ideja që njerëzit do të duhej të kishin kontroll të plotë mbi software-in që kanë në pronësi. Stallman kuptoi se që të arrihej kjo, hyrja te <a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">kodi burim</a> i një programi kompjuteri qe një domosdoshmëri themelore. Tej fushës së thjesht industrisë së kompjuterave, lufta për Software të Lirë është shtrirë te adoptimi i ligjeve për <a href="/activities/os/os.html">standarde të hapura</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Informacion që ka lidhje</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">Një përkufizim i Software-it të Lirë</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">Një krahasim i termave të ndryshme për Software-in e Lirë (Burim i Hapur, FOSS, FLOSS etj.)</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Pse flasim për Software të Lirë</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">Çfarë është 'kodi burim'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">Pronë e kujt është Software-i i Lirë?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/activities/os/os.html">Ç’janë 'Standardet e Hapura'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">Si t’u shpjegohen fëmijëve katër liritë e Software-it të Lirë</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">Çfarë është 'projekti GNU'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">Leksioni i Richard Stallman-it mbi domethënien dhe rëndësinë e Software-it të Lirë</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">Leksioni i Richard Stallman-it mbi lëvizjen e Software-it të Lirë dhe të ardhmen e lirisë</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2009-07-09 10:06:27 +0200 (Thu, 09 Jul 2009) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>FSFE - Vad är Fri Programvara?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Fri Programvara</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Not to translators: The Free Software section is under heavy
|
||||
reconstruction. So please do not yet start to translate pages, which are
|
||||
not send to translators@lists.fsfe.org -->
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Fri Programvara är mjukvara som garanterar en uppsättning friheter till dess användare. Den är 'fri' som i frihet och inte som i 'fri från kostnad'. (I engelskan är orden för 'fri' och 'gratis' samma ord, så svenskan har inte riktigt samma problematik). Även om <a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html#terminology">en mängd termer</a> används för att referera till detta så <a href="/documents/whyfs.html">föredrar vi på FSFE att tala om Fri Programvara</a> eftersom detta reflekterar filosofin i de <a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">fyra friheterna</a> som innefattas i detta begrepp.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Fri Programvarurörelsen startades av Richard Stallman 1983 när han invigde <a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">GNU-projektet</a>. Detta baserades på idén att folk skall ha full kontroll över mjukvaran som dom äger. Stallman erkände att för att uppnå detta var åtkomst till datorprogrammets <a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">källkod</a> ett grundläggande krav. Bortom datorindustrin har kampen för fri programvara utvidgats till antagandet av lagar om <a href="/activities/os/os.html">öppna standarder</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Relaterad information</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">En definition av Fri Programvara</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/comparison.html">En jämförelse av de olika termer som finns för Fri Programvara (Öppen Källkod, FOSS, FLOSS osv.)</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/documents/whyfs.html">Varför talar vi om Fri Programvara</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/sourcecode.html">Vad är en 'källkod'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/who-owns-free-software.html">Vem äger Fri Programvara?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/activities/os/os.html">Vad är 'Öppna Standarder'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/4freedoms.html">Hur man förklarar Fri Programvaras fyra friheter för barn</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/basics/gnuproject.html">Vad är 'GNU-projektet'?</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-2009-05-22-eliberatica.html">Föreläsning av Richard Stallman om meningen bakom och varför Fri Programvara är viktigt</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a href="/freesoftware/transcripts/rms-fs-2006-03-09.html">Föreläsning av Richard Stallman om Fri Programvarurörelsen och frihetens framtid</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date$ $Author$</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Fri software og værktøj</title>
|
||||
<meta name="under-construction" content="true" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Freiheit!</h1>
|
||||
<h2>Hvad fri software og værktøj har tilfælles</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="image">
|
||||
<img alt="Stars" src="/graphics/stars-smaller.png" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>En sammenligning</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Fri software giver os grundlæggende friheder, som anden software ikke giver os.
|
||||
De fleste har stiltiende vænnet sig til sådanne begrænsninger. Derfor
|
||||
tydeliggør først en sammenligning, hvor meget anvendelse af ikke-fri software
|
||||
hæmmer os.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Fri software må benyttes som værktøj. Her vil vil udpensle hvilke absurde
|
||||
følger det ville have, hvis eksempelvis en skruetrækker kun måtte benyttes på
|
||||
lige så begrænset vis, som det er tilfældet med ikke-fri software:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<!--1--><li>Skruetrækkere ville ikke længere være standardiserede og ville kun
|
||||
passe til skruer fra den samme virksomhed.</li>
|
||||
<!--2--><li>Skruetrækkerlicenser ville kun tillade løsning af skruer. For at
|
||||
stramme skruer, ville man være nødt til at købe dyrere skruetrækkere
|
||||
fra samme virksomhed.</li>
|
||||
<!--3--><li>Kun én producent ville have tilladelse til at fremstille
|
||||
skruetrækkere, da idéen ville være patenteret. Først under en
|
||||
kostbar retssag, ville man måske kunne tilkæmpe sig den generelle
|
||||
ret til eksempelvis også at benytte skruer sammen med tænger.</li>
|
||||
<!--4--><li>Man ville ikke kunne tilpasse en indkøbt skruetrækker til andre
|
||||
formål. Eksempelvis ville det være forbudt, at vikle stoftape
|
||||
omkring grebet, for at forhindre, at skruetrækkeren glider ud af
|
||||
hånden.</li>
|
||||
<!--5--><li>Det ville være en forbrydelse, at reparere defekte skruetrækkere
|
||||
uden tilladelse fra producenten.</li>
|
||||
<!--6--><li>Der ville hele tiden komme nye skruetrækkere og skruer på markedet,
|
||||
som ikke fungerer med de gamle modeller. Man ville også være nødt
|
||||
til løbende at købe nye skruetrækkere, for at kunne vedligeholde nye
|
||||
apparater.</li>
|
||||
<!--7--><li>Det ville være strafbart at udleje eller videresælge
|
||||
skruetrækkere.</li>
|
||||
<!--8--><li>Skrutrækkere ville i det skjulte overvåge os, og de derved
|
||||
indsamlede oplysninger ville ubemærket kunne blive videregivet til
|
||||
ukendte.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Ingen ville anvende skruetrækkere, hvis deres brugbarhed var begrænset på den
|
||||
måde. Der er ingen grund til at acceptere sådanne betingelser. Ved
|
||||
software lige så vel som ved værktøj. Også inden for it er sådanne friheder
|
||||
mulige, som vi finder naturlige ved værktøjer. Frie programmer så som Firefox
|
||||
og Libre Office må vi, uden den mindste bekymring, installere overalt. År
|
||||
senere er ens data også brugbare med forskellige programmer, da de anvender åbne
|
||||
standarder. Når man benytter et GNU/Linux-styresystem, kan koncerner som
|
||||
Microsoft og Apple ikke påtvinge os ufordelagtige betingelser.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Det er fri software</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><b>Anvendelse:</b> Man må uden anvendelsesbegrænsninger benytte softwaren, som man ønsker det.</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Forståelse:</b> Man må undersøge softwaren og tilpasse den/få den tilpasset til sine behov.</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Udbredelse:</b> Man må hjælpe andre og give dem kopier af softwaren.</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Forbedring:</b> Man må offentliggøre udgaver, som indeholder ens forbedringer, således at alle kan drage nytte af dem.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><b>Kun når vi virkelig kan benytte os af disse friheder, er det virkelig fri software.</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Gratis er ikke det samme som fri</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Der findes også indskrænket software, der må benyttes omkostningsfrit. Freeware
|
||||
hhv. shareware er godt nok gratis, men tilbyder ikke de oven for nævnte friheder.
|
||||
Freeware fjerner derfor ikke vores afhængighed af salgsvirksomheder.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Fri er ikke det samme som gratis</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Ofte bliver fri software også solgt. Men dér betaler man ikke for den stadig
|
||||
omkostningsfrit tilgængelige software, men derimod for ekstra ydelser så som
|
||||
sammensætning af hele softwarepakker (distributioner) eller telefonsupport.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
GNU GPL (General Public Licence) er det mest velkendte kendetegn ved fri
|
||||
software. Copyleft-tegnet angiver, at afledte værker skal bevare de samme
|
||||
friheder, som originalen har.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Profitmaksimering ...</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
I mange virksomheder står profitmaksimering over alt andet. Programmer fra
|
||||
sådanne virksomheder begrænser os teknisk og retsligt, altid uhæmmet stærkt
|
||||
fokuseret på hvad der giver disse virksomheder profit. For trods alt ikke at
|
||||
miste kunder, gør de det så svært som muligt, at skifte til alternativer. De
|
||||
skjuler målrettet, hvad der sker i deres programmer og forhindrer dermed
|
||||
konkurrence såvel som fornuftige retsstatslige kontroller.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Selv om mange skrupelløse programmer, som på grund af deres store udbredelse i
|
||||
øjeblikket lader til at være den mest bekvemme valgmulighed, burde vi ikke
|
||||
benytte bedre programmer, der slet ikke skjuler, hvad der sker i dem (og med
|
||||
vores data)?
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>... eller løsninger</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Der findes software, som ikke udvikles af profithensyn, men for at løse
|
||||
konkrete opgaver. Ingen ville have noget ud af, bevidst at foretage
|
||||
begræsninger i disse programmer, ingen forkrøbler dem, for på den måde at
|
||||
berige sig. Mange af disse programmer offentliggøres under frie licenser,
|
||||
og dermed er de fri software.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
I fri software kan man ikke på sigt skjule skadelige eller
|
||||
overvågningsfunktioner, da vi alle kan undersøge og ændre dem.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Stadig flere mennesker er trætte af at være begrænsede og overvågede. Frie
|
||||
programmer videreudvikles derfor, og derved stiger ikke blot kvaliteten og
|
||||
fri softwares mangfoldighed, men også antallet af dem, som benytter
|
||||
programmerne.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Nægt blot at blive betragtet som en kilde til penge og at blive hæmmet under
|
||||
tvivlsomme påskud: Du bør også foretrække fri software, overalt hvor der er
|
||||
mulighed for det!
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Bogtips</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Richard M. Stallman startede i begyndelsen af 1980'erne GNU-projektet, med det
|
||||
formål at lave et frit styresystem. Han er fri software-bevægelsens gejstlige
|
||||
forfader og hans artikler i denne bog, forklarer ikke kun den grundlæggende idé
|
||||
bag denne befrielsesbevægelse, men også de mangeartede farer, der kommer fra
|
||||
proprietær software.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Bogen kan købes i Free Software Foundations butik samt downloades som en frit
|
||||
tilgængelig e-bog i PDF-format.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Kilder</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Computere, der er velegnede til fri software: h-node.com/</li>
|
||||
<li>Frie styresystemer, som man kan downloade: gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html</li>
|
||||
<li>Oversigt over fri software: directory.fsf.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Søgemaskine uden opsamling af benyttelsesdata: duckduckgo.com</li>
|
||||
<li>Vejkort uden opsamling af benyttelsesdata: openstreetmap.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Oplysninger om apparater, der bevidst hæmmer os: defectivebydesign.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Generelle oplysninger om fri software: fsfe.org</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date$ $Author$</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Freie Software und Werkzeuge</title>
|
||||
<meta name="under-construction" content="true" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Freiheit!</h1>
|
||||
<h2>Was Freie Software und Werkzeuge gemeinsam haben</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="image">
|
||||
<img alt="Stars" src="/graphics/stars-smaller.png" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Ein Vergleich</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Freie Software gibt uns grundlegende Freiheiten, die uns andere Software
|
||||
verwehrt. Die meisten haben sich an solche schwerwiegenden Einschränkungen
|
||||
gewöhnt. Deswegen macht erst ein Vergleich deutlich, wie sehr uns der Einsatz
|
||||
unfreier Software behindert.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Freie Software darf wie Werkzeug benutzt werden. Lassen Sie uns ausmalen,
|
||||
welch absurde Folgen es hätte, wenn zum Beispiel Schraubenzieher nur noch so
|
||||
beschränkt wie unfreie Software benutzt werden dürften:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<!--1--><li>Schraubenzieher wären nicht mehr standardisiert und würden
|
||||
nur noch zu Schrauben derselben Firma passen.</li>
|
||||
<!--2--><li>SchraubenzieherLizenzen würden nur das Öffnen von Schrauben
|
||||
erlauben. Zum Festschrauben müssten wir teurere Schraubenzieher dieser
|
||||
Firma kaufen.</li>
|
||||
<!--3--><li>Nur ein Unternehmen dürfte Schraubenzieher bauen, weil diese
|
||||
Idee patentiert wäre. Erst in einem teuren Prozess könnte vielleicht das
|
||||
allgemeine Recht erstritten werden, Schrauben zum Beispiel auch mit Zangen
|
||||
zu benutzen.</li>
|
||||
<!--4--><li>Wir dürften gekaufte Schraubenzieher nicht an unsere Bedürfnisse
|
||||
anpassen. Es wäre zum Beispiel verboten, ein texturiertes Klebeband um den
|
||||
Griff zu wickeln, damit uns der Schraubenzie-her nicht so leicht aus der
|
||||
Hand rutscht.</li>
|
||||
<!--5--><li>Es wäre ein Verbrechen, kaputte Schraubenzieher ohne Erlaubnis
|
||||
der herstellenden Firma zu reparieren.</li>
|
||||
<!--6--><li>Es würden dauernd neue Schraubenzieher und Schrauben auf den Markt
|
||||
gebracht, die nicht mit den alten Modellen funktionieren. Wir müssten also
|
||||
laufend neue Schraubenzieher kaufen, um neue Geräte warten zu können.</li>
|
||||
<!--7--><li>Es wäre strafbar, Schraubenzieher zu verleihen oder weiter
|
||||
zu verkaufen.</li>
|
||||
<!--8--><li>Schraubenzieher würden uns versteckt überwachen und die so
|
||||
gesammelten Informationen unmerklich an Unbekannte weiterleiten können.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Niemand würde Schraubenzieher benutzen, deren Verwendung derart beschränkt
|
||||
ist. Es gibt keinen vernünftigen Grund, solche Bedingungen zu akzeptieren. Bei
|
||||
Software genauso wenig wie bei anderen Werkzeugen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Auch in der EDV sind jene Freiheiten möglich, die wir bei Werkzeugen
|
||||
selbstverständlich finden. Freie Programme wie Firefox und Libre Office dürfen
|
||||
wir sorglos überall installieren. Ihre Dateien sind auch nach Jahren noch mit
|
||||
verschiedenen Programmen brauchbar, denn sie verwenden Offene Standards. Wenn
|
||||
wir ein GNU/Linux Betriebssystem verwenden, können uns Konzerne wie Microsoft
|
||||
und Apple keine für uns nachteiligen Bedingungen mehr aufdrängen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Das ist Freie Software</h2>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><b>Verwenden:</b> Wir dürfen sie ohne Nutzungsbeschränkungen beliebig
|
||||
einsetzen.</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Verstehen:</b> Wir dürfen sie untersuchen und an unsere Bedürfnisse
|
||||
anpassen (lassen).</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Verbreiten:</b> Wir dürfen anderen helfen und Kopien der Software
|
||||
an sie weitergeben.</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Verbessern:</b> Wir dürfen unsere verbesserten Versionen
|
||||
veröffentlichen, sodass alle davon profitieren können.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><b>Nur wenn wir all diese Freiheiten tatsächlich nutzen können, ist es
|
||||
wirklich Freie Software.</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Gratis ist nicht gleich frei</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Es gibt auch beschränkte Software, die kostenlos verwendet werden darf.
|
||||
Freeware bzw. Shareware ist zwar gratis, aber bietet nicht die oben
|
||||
ausgeführten Freiheiten. Freeware befreit uns daher nicht aus der Abhängigkeit
|
||||
von vertreibenden Unternehmen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Frei ist nicht gleich gratis</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Manchmal wird Freie Software auch verkauft. Wir bezahlen dann aber nicht für
|
||||
die weiterhin kostenlos verfügbare Software, sondern für zusätzliche Leistungen
|
||||
wie zum Beispiel die Zusammenstellung ganzer Softwarepakete (Distributionen)
|
||||
oder Telefonsupport.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Die GNU GPL (General Public Licence) ist das bekannteste Kennzeichen für
|
||||
Freie Software. Das CopyleftZeichen zeigt an, dass alle Ableitungen des Werkes
|
||||
die im Original gewährten Freiheiten bewahren müssen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Profitmaximierung ...</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In vielen Unternehmen steht Profitmaximierung über allem. Programme solcher
|
||||
Betriebe beschränken uns technisch und rechtlich rücksichtslos immer stärker
|
||||
auf das, was diesen Unternehmen Gewinne bringt. Um trotzdem keine Kundschaft zu
|
||||
verlieren, machen sie den Umstieg auf Alternativen so schwer wie möglich. Sie
|
||||
verbergen gezielt, was in ihren Programmen vorgeht und verhindern damit
|
||||
Konkurrenz genauso wie rechtstaatliche Kontrollen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Auch wenn manche skrupellosen Programme wegen ihrer großen Verbreitung als
|
||||
die im Moment bequemste Option erscheinen: Sollten wir nicht besser nur
|
||||
Programme nutzen, die völlig offenlegen, was in ihnen (mit unseren Daten)
|
||||
passiert?</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>... oder Lösungen</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Es gibt Software, die nicht für Profite, sondern zur Lösung konkreter
|
||||
Aufgaben entwickelt wird. Sie wird von jenen ermöglicht, die sie nutzen wollen.
|
||||
Niemand hätte etwas davon diese Programme absichtlich zu beschränken, niemand
|
||||
verstümmelt sie um sich dadurch bereichern zu können. Viele dieser Programme
|
||||
werden unter freien Lizenzen veröffentlicht, diese sind fortan Freie
|
||||
Software.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In Freier Software können auf Dauer keine schädlichen oder überwachenden
|
||||
Funktionen versteckt werden, da wir alle sie untersuchen und verändern
|
||||
dürfen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Immer mehr Menschen haben es satt, eingeschränkt und überwacht zu werden.
|
||||
Freie Programme werden stätig weiter entwickelt, dabei wächst nicht nur die
|
||||
Qualität und Vielfalt Freier Software, sondern auch die Zahl jener, die sie
|
||||
einsetzen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Weigern Sie sich, bloß als Geldquelle betrachtet und unter fragwürdigen
|
||||
Vorwänden beschränkt zu werden: Bevorzugen auch Sie Freie Software, wo immer
|
||||
Sie Gelegenheit dazu haben!</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Buchtipp</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Richard M. Stallman startete in den frühen 1980er Jahren das GNUProjekt mit
|
||||
dem Ziel eines freien Betriebssystems. Er ist der geistige Urvater der
|
||||
Freie-Software-Bewegung und seine Aufsätze in diesem Buch erklären nicht nur
|
||||
die grundlegenden Ideen hinter dieser Befreiungsbewegung, sondern auch die
|
||||
vielfältigen Gefahren, die von proprietärer Software ausgehen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Das Buch kann vom Shop der Free Software Foundation auch kostenlos als
|
||||
freies E-Book im PDF-Format heruntergeladen werden.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Quellen</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Für Freie Software geeignete Computer: h-node.com/home/index/de</li>
|
||||
<li>Freie Betriebssysteme zum Download: gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html</li>
|
||||
<li>Übersicht über Freie Software: directory.fsf.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Suchmaschine ohne Nutzungsdatensammlung: duckduckgo.com</li>
|
||||
<li>Straßenkarten ohne Nutzungsdatensammlung: openstreetmap.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Infos über Geräte, die uns absichtlich behindern:
|
||||
defectivebydesign.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Allgemeine Informationen zu Freier Software: fsfe.org</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2012-17-06 15:31:58 +0200 (Tue, 17 Jul 2012) $ $Author:
|
||||
alessandro.polvani $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Il Software Libero e gli utensili</title>
|
||||
<meta name="under-construction" content="true" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Libertà!</h1>
|
||||
<h2>Fattori in comune tra il Software Libero e gli utensili</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="introduction">
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="image">
|
||||
<img alt="Stars" src="/graphics/stars-smaller.png" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Un paragone</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--<p>Freie Software gibt uns grundlegende Freiheiten, die uns andere Software
|
||||
verwehrt. Die meisten haben sich an solche schwerwiegenden Einschränkungen
|
||||
gewöhnt. Deswegen macht erst ein Vergleich deutlich, wie sehr uns der Einsatz
|
||||
unfreier Software behindert.</p>-->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Il Software Libero ci garantisce delle libertà fondamentali, negateci dagli altri tipi di software. Molti si sono abituati a queste restrizioni. Quindi, attraverso un paragone, vorremmo descrivere le problematiche del software non libero.</p><!--controllare traduzione..-->
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Il Software Libero può essere utilizzato come un utensile. Se i cacciavite avessero le stesse restrizioni imposte dal software proprietario, quali conseguenze ci sarebbero?
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<!--1--><li>I cacciavite potrebbero non essere più standardizzati, funzionando solo con le viti prodotte da alcune imprese.</li>
|
||||
<!--2--><li>Le licenze per i cacciaviti potrebbero permetterebbero solo di svitare. Per avvitare potrebbero occorrere altri cacciavite venduti a caro prezzo da questa azienda.</li>
|
||||
<!--3--><li>Solo una certa azienda potrebbe costruire cacciavite, poiché l'idea sarebbe coperta da brevetti. Solo con un costoso processo si potrebbe far valere il diritto, ad esempio, a svitare una vite con una pinzetta.</li>
|
||||
<!--4--><li>Non potremmo configurare un cacciavite acquistato secondo le nostre necessità. Sarebbe ad esempio vietato attaccare un adesivo sul manico, in modo da non farlo scivolare tra le mani.</li>
|
||||
<!--5--><li>Riparare un cacciavite senza il permesso dell'azienda produttrice sarebbe una violazione.</li>
|
||||
<!--6--><li>Potrebbero essere continuamente commercializzati nuovi viti e cacciaviti non compatibili con i vecchi modelli. Dovremmo comprare sempre nuovi cacciaviti per poter svitare i nuovi tipi di vite.</li>
|
||||
<!--7--><li>Potrebbe essere vietato prestare o rivendere cacciaviti a una terza persona.</li>
|
||||
<!--8--><li>I cacciavite potrebbero sorvegliare di nascosto la nostra attività, ed inoltrare i dati a sconosciuti.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Nessuno utilizzerebbe cacciavite le cui funzionalità siano state così pesantemente limitate. Non esistono motivi per accettare queste condizioni. Neanche per quanto riguarda il software.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Anche per quanto riguarda i sistemi informatici, la libertà è possibile, se cerchiamo gli utensili adatti. Programmi liberi come Firefox e Libre Office possono essere liberamente installati. I vostri dati saranno utilizzabili da diversi programmi anche tra molti anni, poiché sono memorizzati secondo standard aperti.Quando utilizziamo un sistema operativo libero, come GNU/Linux, possiamo stare certi che Microsoft né Apple potranno imporci condizioni restrittive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Questo è il Software Libero</h2>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li><b>Utilizzare:</b> Possiamo utilizzare il software senza restrizioni</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Studiare:</b> Possiamo studiare il software ed adattarlo ai nostri bisogni.</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Condividere:</b> Possiamo aiutare gli altri, condividendo copie del software.</li>
|
||||
<li><b>Migliorare:</b> Possiamo rendere pubbliche le nostre versioni, e tutti possono approfittarne.</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><b>Solo il Software Libero ci permette di godere di queste libertà.</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Gratis non significa libero</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Alcuni programmi proprietari possono essere utilizzati gratuitamente. Sia il freeware che lo shareware sono gratis, ma non forniscono le libertà sopra descritte. Il freeware non ci libera dalla dipendenza nei confronti delle imprese produttrici.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Libero non significa gratis</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A volte il Software Libero può essere venduto. Tuttavia, non paghiamo per del software altrimenti disponibile gratuitamente, ma per alcuni servizi, ad esempio delle combinazioni di pacchetti (distribuzioni), o per il supporto telefonico.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>La GNU GPL (General Public Licence) è la più nota licenza per il Software Libero. Le licenze Copyleft determinano che le libertà concesse dall'opera originaria devono essere garantite anche dalle opere derivate.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Massimizzazione del profitto ...</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In molte imprese, la massimizzazione del profitto è la parola chiave. I programmi di queste imprese ci restringono tecnicamente e legalmente, sempre più intensamente ed in modo indiscriminato, seguendo la logica del profitto. L'assenza di un mercato concorrenziale rende difficoltosa la transizione verso alternative. I produttori di software proprietario occultano in modo deliberato il contenuto dei loro programmi, precludendo la concorrenza ed i controlli pubblici.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Anche quando alcuni programmi senza scrupoli sembrano essere l'opzione più comoda, a causa della loro maggiore diffusione: non è più auspicabile utilizzare programmi il cui funzionamento (con i nostri dati) sia reso pubblico? </p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>... o soluzioni?</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Esiste software sviluppato per la soluzione di problematiche, e non per la massimizzazione del profitto. È disponibile per tutti coloro che desiderino utilizzarlo. Nessuno ha deciso in modo deliberato di introdurre restrizioni, nessuno mutila la libertà degli utenti per arricchirsi. Molti di questi programmi vengono pubblicati attraverso licenze libere, sono quindi Software Libero.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Nel Software Libero non si potranno mai nascondere funzioni di sorveglianza nei confronti degli utenti. I programmi liberi sarebbero ulteriormente modificati, poiché chiunque potrebbe rilevarle e rimuoverle.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Sempre più persone non possono più sopportare di essere limitate e sorvegliate. Lo sviluppo del Software Libero non si ferma mai, ne risultano quindi migliorate non solo la qualità e la varietà: anche la quantità di utenti che scelgono di usarlo aumenta.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Rifiutati di essere trattato come una semplice fonte di denaro, vittima di restrizioni introdotte con alibi poco convincenti: scegli il Software Libero.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Consigli di lettura</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Richard M. Stallman ha iniziato negli anni 80 il progetto GNU, con lo scopo di sviluppare un sistema operativo libero. È il padre spirituale del movimento del Software Libero, e nel suo libro non descrive soltanto le idee fondanti del movimento, ma anche i molteplici pericoli derivanti dall'uso del software proprietario.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Il libro può anche essere scaricato gratuitamente in formato PDF dal sito della Free Software Foundation.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Fonti</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Per computer con Software Libero preinstallato: h-node.com/home/index/de</li>
|
||||
<li>Sistemi operativi liberi da scaricare: gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html</li>
|
||||
<li>Una visione d'insieme sul Software Libero: directory.fsf.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Un motore di ricerca che non raccoglie i tuoi dati: duckduckgo.com</li>
|
||||
<li>Carte geografiche libere: openstreetmap.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Informazioni sui DRM: defectivebydesign.org</li>
|
||||
<li>Informazioni generali sul Software Libero: fsfe.org</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<translator>Alessandro Polvani</translator>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2012-17-06 15:31:58 +0200 (Tue, 17 Jul 2012) $ $Author:
|
||||
alessandro.polvani $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,195 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<author id="tuke" />
|
||||
<date>
|
||||
<revision content="2012-05-24" />
|
||||
<original content="2011-09-15" />
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="Από νομική άποψη το
|
||||
Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό ανήκει σε προγραμματιστές, ιδρύματα
|
||||
και εταιρείες, αλλά με μια ευρύτερη έννοια το Ελεύθερο
|
||||
Λογισμικό ανήκει σε όλους, αφού οι ελευθερίες όλων είναι
|
||||
εγγυημένες." />
|
||||
<meta name="keywords" content="ελεύθερο λογισμικό ανοιχτός
|
||||
κώδικας foss floss oss gpl copyright κάτοχος δικαιώματα
|
||||
ιδιοκτησία fsfe" />
|
||||
<title>Σε ποιον ανήκει το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό;</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1>Σε ποιον ανήκει το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό;</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Οι αντιλήψεις για την ιδιοκτησία</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Το λογισμικό είναι άυλο αγαθό. Μπορεί να γίνει αντιληπτό
|
||||
ως ένα σύνολο ιδεών και ως τέτοιο, οι παραδοσιακές αντιλήψεις
|
||||
περί ιδιοκτησίας, οι οποίες εφαρμόζονται σε αντικείμενα όπως
|
||||
η τροφή και η γη, δεν ισχύουν εδώ. Συνεπώς όταν μιλάμε για
|
||||
άυλα αγαθά όπως το λογισμικό, η ιδιοκτησία γίνεται κατανοητή
|
||||
με διαφορετικούς τρόπους. Οι τρόποι αυτοί χωρίζονται σε
|
||||
τέσσερις κατηγορίες:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Συγγραφική αναγνωρισιμότητα</li>
|
||||
<li>Διπλώματα ευρεσιτεχνίας (πατέντες)</li>
|
||||
<li>Συγγραφικά δικαιώματα (copyright)</li>
|
||||
<li>Δικαιώματα χρήσης</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Η <strong>συγγραφική αναγνωρισιμότητα</strong> αναφέρεται
|
||||
στα φυσικά πρόσωπα που είναι οι αυθεντικοί φορείς της σύλληψης
|
||||
μιας ιδέας και επιτρέπει στους συγγραφείς να προστατεύουν
|
||||
την εργασία τους από το να χρησιμοποιηθεί με τρόπο που να
|
||||
βλάπτει τη φήμη τους. Οι <strong>πατέντες</strong> είναι ένα
|
||||
ξεχωριστό σύστημα που αφορά βιομηχανικές διαδικασίες και
|
||||
γενικά επηρεάζει μόνο τις εταιρικές και κατασκευαστικές
|
||||
δραστηριότητες. Τα <strong>συγγραφικά δικαιώματα</strong>
|
||||
είναι ένα σύνολο νόμων που παρέχουν αποκλειστικά δικαιώματα
|
||||
στη δημιουργική εργασία, όπως απεικονίσεις, μουσικά έργα,
|
||||
λογοτεχνία και λογισμικό. Πρόκειται για ένα κρατικά
|
||||
κατοχυρωμένο αποκλειστικό μονοπώλιο πάνω σε ιδέες.
|
||||
Τα <strong>δικαιώματα χρήσης</strong>
|
||||
ορίζουν τι ένα πρόσωπο μπορεί να κάνει με κάτι, όπως αν
|
||||
μπορεί να αντιγράψει ή να πουλήσει ένα ορισμένο πράγμα.
|
||||
Είναι ένας τρόπος κατανόησης πώς οι νομικοί περιορισμοί
|
||||
επηρεάζουν ένα ξεχωριστό πρόσωπο και τι δικαιώματα αυτό το
|
||||
πρόσωπο έχει ή δεν έχει.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Η ιδιοκτησία στα συγγραφικά δικαιώματα</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Γενικά το copyright έχει τη μεγαλύτερη επίδραση σχετικά
|
||||
με το τι μπορούμε να κάνουμε με το λογισμικό και τι όχι. Τα συγγραφικά
|
||||
δικαιώματα στο λογισμικό ανήκουν ή στο φυσικό πρόσωπο που έγραψε τον κώδικα
|
||||
ή στον οργανισμό που πλήρωσε για να γραφτεί ο κώδικας. Για το copyright αυτό
|
||||
μπορεί να γίνει αγοραπωλησία στην ιδιωτική σφαίρα. Η μόνη εξαίρεση είναι
|
||||
λογισμικό το οποίο τοποθετείται στον δημόσιο χώρο, το οποίο δεν έχει ιδοκτήτη
|
||||
ούτε περιορισμούς στη χρήση του
|
||||
<a class="fn" href="#refs">1</a> <a class="fn" href="#refs">2</a>.
|
||||
Το περισσότερο από το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό δεν βρίσκεται στον δημόσιο χώρο.
|
||||
Διάφορα έργα Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού έχουν διαφορετικές πολιτικές ως προς το
|
||||
ποιος μπορεί να είναι ο κάτοχος των συγγραφικών δικαιωμάτων.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Ο <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel">
|
||||
πυρήνας Linux</a>, για παράδειγμα, έχει χιλιάδες κατόχους, καθένας εκ των
|
||||
οποίων έχει το copyright για το τμήμα του κώδικα με τον οποίο έχει συμβάλλει
|
||||
στο ευρύτερο έργο. Η πολιτική του έργου του πυρήνα Linux είναι ότι οι
|
||||
συνεισφέροντες κώδικα διατηρούν τα συγγραφικά δικαιώματα της εργασίας τους,
|
||||
αλλά επίσης απαιτεί όλοι οι συμβαλλόμενοι να χρησιμοποιούν μια άδεια χρήσης
|
||||
Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού <a class="fn" href="#refs">3</a>. Άλλα έργα ακολουθούν
|
||||
διαφορετική προσέγγιση. Το OpenOffice, για παράδειγμα, απαιτεί η κατοχή του
|
||||
copyright από όλες τις συνεισφορές να διαμοιράζεται με την εταιρεία που το
|
||||
εκδίδει (Oracle). Άλλα έργα απαιτούν τα συγγραφικά δικαιώματα να ανατίθενται
|
||||
από τον συγγραφέα στον οργανισμό που κάνει τη χορηγία. Στις περιπτώσεις αυτές
|
||||
όλα τα σχετικά με το copyright δικαιώματα παραχωρούνται αμετάκλητα από τον
|
||||
συγγραφέα στον οργανισμό. Αυτό ισχύει για παράδειγμα, για όλα τα GNU projects
|
||||
<a class="fn" href="#refs">4</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό συνεπώς, έχει κατόχους συγγραφικών
|
||||
δικαιωμάτων. Το ποιος κατέχει το copyright του Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού είναι
|
||||
σημαντικό για νομικές διαδικασίες, όπως την αναβάθμιση από μια άδεια χρήσης
|
||||
Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού σε μια νέα έκδοση (πχ. από
|
||||
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a> σε
|
||||
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GPLv3</a>), και για τη
|
||||
διασφάλιση ότι η άδεια χρήσης συμμορφώνεται (και για το δικαίωμα ανάληψης
|
||||
νομικής δράσης όταν κρίνεται απαραίτητο). <strong>Όταν το λογισμικό είναι
|
||||
Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό, οι εναλλαγές μεταξύ κατόχων του copyright δεν επηρεάζουν
|
||||
τα δικά σας δικαιώματα χρήσης, καθώς αυτά είναι εγγυημένα από τις άδειες χρήσης
|
||||
για το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Δικαιώματα χρήσης</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Οι άδειες χρήσης Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού είναι μοναδικές
|
||||
στο ότι χρησιμοποιούν το νόμο περί συγγραφικών δικαιωμάτων για να
|
||||
παραχωρήσουν στο κοινό ελευθερίες οι οποίες συνήθως παραχωρούνται αποκλειστικά
|
||||
στον κάτοχο του συγγραφικού δικαιώματος. Το 'PL' στο 'GPL' σημαίνει 'Public License' (Άδεια Δημόσιας Χρήσης)· η άδεια χρήσης παραχωρεί το πιο σημαντικά
|
||||
δικαιώματα
|
||||
('<a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">Τις Τέσσερις Ελευθερίες</a>')
|
||||
σε όλους. Οι άδειες χρήσης Ελεύθερου Λογισμικού είναι επίσης αμετάκλητες.
|
||||
Όταν το λογισμικό έχει δημοσιευθεί με μια τέτοια άδεια χρήσης θα είναι
|
||||
για πάντα δημόσια διαθέσιμο και καμία αλλαγή φιλοσοφίας, εταιρική συγχώνευση
|
||||
ή νομικό επιχείρημα δεν έχει τη δυνατότητα να περιορίσει την πρόσβαση σε αυτό
|
||||
<a class="fn" href="#refs">5</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Συνεπώς όλοι 'κατέχουν' δικαιώματα στο Ελεύθερο
|
||||
Λογισμικό· όλοι έχουμε αναφαίρετα δικαιώματα να το χρησιμοποιούμε όπως
|
||||
θέλουμε με έναν τρόπο που παραδοσιακά σχετίζεται με τη νόμιμη κατοχή
|
||||
συγγραφικού δικαιώματος. Με αυτήν την ευρύτερη ερμηνεία της ιδιοκτησίας
|
||||
όλοι «κατέχουμε» Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό. Ορισμένοι συνήγοροι του Ελεύθερου
|
||||
Λογισμικού θεωρούν ότι το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό είναι «δημόσια ιδιοκτησία».
|
||||
Το μη-ελεύθερο λογισμικό συχνά αναφέρεται ως ιδιοκτησιακό (proprietary),
|
||||
για να τονιστεί αυτή η διάκριση σχετικά με το ερώτημα σε ποιον «ανήκουν»
|
||||
τα δικαιώματα στο εν λόγω λογισμικό.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Οποιοσδήποτε κατέχει το copyright σε Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό
|
||||
έχει για πάντα τα περισσότερα δικαιώματα στο λογισμικό αυτό. Κάτοχοι Ελεύθερου
|
||||
Λογισμικού επιλέγουν να κάνουν τον ευρύτερο δυνατό διαμοιρασμό των δικαιωμάτων
|
||||
τους. Συνεπώς με τη στενή νομική έννοια το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό είναι ιδιωτική
|
||||
ιδιοκτησία προγραμματιστών λογισμικού, ιδρυμάτων και εταιρειών.
|
||||
<strong>Με την ευρύτερη έννοια, ωστόσο, το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό ανήκει σε όλους
|
||||
μας, αφού οι ελευθερίες να το χρησιμοποιούμε, να το τροποποιούμε, να το
|
||||
μοιραζόμαστε και να το βελτιώνουμε είναι εγγυημένες</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="fn">Σημειώσεις</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol id="refs">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Αν και δεν υφίστανται περιορισμοί στα συγγραφικά
|
||||
δικαιώματα έργων που ανήκουν στο δημόσιο χώρο, ίσως να υπάρχουν άλλοι
|
||||
περιορισμοί, όπως στη διανομή λογισμικού που θεωρείται επικίνδυνη για την
|
||||
εθνική ασφάλεια στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες, ή περιορισμοί από σχετικές
|
||||
<a href="https://fsfe.org/campaigns/swpat/">πατέντες λογισμικού</a>,
|
||||
για παράδειγμα.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Εκτελέσιμα αρχεία που βρίσκονται στο δημόσιο χώρο
|
||||
δεν διαθέτουν απαραίτητα τον πηγαίο τους κώδικα με τον ίδιο τρόπο.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Συγκεκριμένα, ο πυρήνας Linux αδειοδοτείται
|
||||
με την GPLv2.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Δείτε τη
|
||||
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html">δήλωση</a> από το
|
||||
GNU project σχετικά με την ανάθεση συγγραφικών δικαιωμάτων.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Μόνο μια θεμελιακή αναθεώρηση στο διεθνές νομικό
|
||||
πλαίσιο περί συγγραφικών δικαιωμάτων θα μπορούσε να επηρεάσει προς το
|
||||
χειρότερο τα δικαιώματα του κοινού στο Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό. Προς το παρόν κάτι
|
||||
τέτοιο δεν είναι πιθανό να συμβεί στο ορατό μέλλον.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Σχετικές δημοσιεύσεις</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>"<a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">Γιατί το Ελεύθερο Λογισμικό δεν πρέπει να έχει ιδιοκτήτες</a>"
|
||||
του Richard Stallman</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<tags>
|
||||
<tag>linux</tag>
|
||||
<tag>kernel</tag>
|
||||
<tag>copyright-assignment</tag>
|
||||
<tag>copyright</tag>
|
||||
<tag>patents</tag>
|
||||
<tag>oracle</tag>
|
||||
<tag>openoffice</tag>
|
||||
<tag>gnu</tag>
|
||||
<tag>gpl</tag>
|
||||
<tag>public-domain</tag>
|
||||
</tags>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2011-02-17 09:31:39 +0000 (Thu, 17 Feb 2011) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<author id="tuke" />
|
||||
<date>
|
||||
<revision content="2012-05-24" />
|
||||
<original content="2011-09-15" />
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="In legal sense Free Software is owned by developers, foundations and companies, but in a wider sense we all own Free Software, because our freedoms are guaranteed." />
|
||||
<meta name="keywords" content="free software open source foss floss oss gpl copyright owner rights ownership fsfe" />
|
||||
<title>Who owns Free Software?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1>Who owns Free Software?</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Conceptions of ownership</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Software is an intangible thing. It can be thought of as a set of ideas, and as such, traditional ideas of ownership which affect objects like food and land do not apply to it. Therefore when we talk about intangible things like software, different conceptions of ownership apply. These can be split into four categories:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Authorship</li>
|
||||
<li>Patents</li>
|
||||
<li>Copyright</li>
|
||||
<li>Usage rights</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Authorship</strong> relates to the original creator(s) of an idea, and allows authors to prevent their work from being used in a way which would damage their reputation. <strong>Patents</strong> are a separate system which relate to industrial processes, and generally only affect the activities of companies and manufacturing. <strong>Copyright</strong> is a set of laws which grants exclusive rights to creative work such as illustrations, music, literature, and software. It is a government imposed exclusive monopoly on ideas. <strong>Usage rights</strong> determine what a person is allowed to actually do with something, like whether they may copy or sell a particular thing. They are a way of understanding how legal restrictions affect a single person, and what rights that person does or does not have.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Copyright ownership</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Generally copyright has the greatest impact on what we can and can't do with software. Software copyright is owned either by the person who wrote the code, or by the organisation that paid for it to be written. This copyright may be privately bought and sold. The only exception is software that is in the public domain, which has no owner and no restrictions on its use <a class="fn" href="#refs">1</a> <a class="fn" href="#refs">2</a>. Most Free Software is not in the public domain. Different Free Software projects have different policies concerning who may be the software copyright owner.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel">Linux kernel</a>, for example, has thousands of owners, each of whom hold the copyright to the particular code that they have contributed to the larger project. The Linux kernel's policy is that code contributors retain copyright ownership of their work, but it also requires that all contributions use a Free Software license <a class="fn" href="#refs">3</a>. Other projects take a different approach. OpenOffice, for example, requires that the copyright ownership of all contributions are shared with the company that publishes it (Oracle). Other projects require copyright to be assigned from the author to the sponsoring organisation. In these cases all rights concerning copyright are permanently given up by the author to the organisation. This is true of all GNU projects <a class="fn" href="#refs">4</a>, for example.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Free Software does have copyright owners therefore. Who owns the copyright of Free Software is important for legal procedures, such as updating the Free Software license to a new one (eg. from <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a> to <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GPLv3</a>), and ensuring that the license is complied with (and the right to take legal action when necessary). <strong>Once software is Free however, changes to who owns its copyright do not affect your rights to use it, as these are guaranteed by Free Software licenses</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Usage rights</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Free Software licenses are unique in that they use copyright law to grant to the public freedoms that are usually reserved for the copyright owner. The 'PL' in 'GPL' stands for 'Public License'; the license hands the most important rights ('<a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">The Four Freedoms</a>') to everybody. Critically, Free Software licenses are also irrevocable. Once software has been published under such a license it will forever be publicly available, and no change of heart, corporate merger, or legal argument can further restrict access to it <a class="fn" href="#refs">5</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Everybody 'owns' rights to Free Software therefore; we all have inalienable rights to use it as we wish in a way which is traditionally associated with legal copyright ownership. In this wider sense of ownership we all "own" Free Software. Some Free Software advocates refer to Free Software as being "publicly owned". Non-Free software is often referred to as being 'proprietary', which highlights this distinction in who "owns" rights to the software in question.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Whoever owns the copyright to Free Software always has the most rights to that software. Owners of Free Software choose to use their rights to share their rights as widely as possible. Therefore in a narrow legal sense Free Software is privately owned by software developers, foundations and companies. <strong>In a wider sense however we all own Free Software, because our freedom to use, modify, share, and improve it are guaranteed</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="fn">Footnotes</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol id="refs">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Though there are no copyright restrictions on works in the public domain, there may be other restrictions, such as restrictions on the distribution of software deemed to post a risk to national security in the United States, or restrictions from related <a href="https://fsfe.org/campaigns/swpat/">software patents</a>, for example.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Executable files which are in the public domain do not necessarily have their source code similarly available.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Specifically, the Linux Kernel is licensed as GPLv2.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>See the GNU project's <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html">statement</a> on copyright assignment.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Only a fundamental change in international copyright law could affect the public's rights to Free Software for the worse. Currently this looks unlikely to occur in the foreseeable future.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Related content</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>"<a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">Why Software Should Not Have Owners</a>" by Richard Stallman</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<tags>
|
||||
<tag>linux</tag>
|
||||
<tag>kernel</tag>
|
||||
<tag>copyright-assignment</tag>
|
||||
<tag>copyright</tag>
|
||||
<tag>patents</tag>
|
||||
<tag>oracle</tag>
|
||||
<tag>openoffice</tag>
|
||||
<tag>gnu</tag>
|
||||
<tag>gpl</tag>
|
||||
<tag>public-domain</tag>
|
||||
</tags>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2011-02-17 09:31:39 +0000 (Thu, 17 Feb 2011) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<author id="tuke"/>
|
||||
<date>
|
||||
<revision content="2012-05-24"/>
|
||||
<original content="2011-09-15"/>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="In legal sense Free Software is owned by developers, foundations and companies, but in a wider sense we all own Free Software, because our freedoms are guaranteed."/>
|
||||
<meta name="keywords" content="free software open source foss floss oss gpl copyright owner rights ownership fsfe"/>
|
||||
<title>Wie is de eigenaar van Vrije Software?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1>Wie is de eigenaar van Vrije Software?</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Ideeën over eigendom</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Software is een ontastbaar ding. Er kan over gedacht worden als een
|
||||
verzameling ideeën, en als zodanig zijn traditionele ideeën over eigendom die van toepassing
|
||||
zijn op objecten zoals voedsel en land niet van toepassing. Als we spreken van ontastbare dingen
|
||||
zoals software zijn daarom verschillende ideeën van eigendom van toepassing. Deze kunnen worden
|
||||
gesplitst in vier categorieën:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Auteurschap</li>
|
||||
<li>Patenten</li>
|
||||
<li>Auteursrecht</li>
|
||||
<li>Gebruiksrechten</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Auteurschap</strong> heeft te maken met de originele
|
||||
maker(s) van een idee en staat auteurs toe om te voorkomen dat hun werk word
|
||||
gebruikt op een manier die hun reputatie zou schaden. <strong>Patenten</strong> zijn een
|
||||
afzonderlijk systeem dat te maken heeft met industriële processen, en in het algemeen
|
||||
alleen de activiteiten van bedrijven en (industriële) productie. <strong>Auteursrecht</strong>
|
||||
is een verzameling wetten die exclusieve rechten verlenen over creatief werk zoals illustraties,
|
||||
muziek, literatuur en software. Het is een door de regering opgelegd exclusief monopolie op
|
||||
ideeën. <strong>Gebruiksrechten</strong> bepalen wat een persoon uiteindelijk met iets mag doen,
|
||||
zoals het mogen kopiëren of verkopen van een bepaald ding. Zij vormen een manier om te begrijpen
|
||||
hoe juridische beperkingen een enkel persoon raken, en welke rechten die persoon wel of niet heeft.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Eigendom van auteursrecht</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Auteursrecht heeft in het algemeen de grootste invloed op wat we wel en niet
|
||||
kunnen met software. Het eigendom van auteursrecht op software ligt ofwel bij de auteur van de
|
||||
code, ofwel bij de organisatie die ervoor betaalde dat het geschreven zou worden. Dit auteursrecht
|
||||
kan door private partijen gekocht en verkocht worden. De enige uitzondering is software in het
|
||||
publieke domein, die geen eigenaar kent en geen beperkingen op het gebruik
|
||||
<a class="fn" href="#refs">1</a> <a class="fn" href="#refs">2</a>.
|
||||
De meeste Vrije Software bevindt zich niet in het publieke domein. Verschillende Vrije Softwareprojecten
|
||||
kennen een verschillend beleid ten opzichte van wie de eigenaar van het auteursrecht op software kan zijn.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Bijvoorbeeld: de <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel">Linuxkernel</a>
|
||||
heeft duizenden eigenaren, waarvan eenieder het auteursrecht heeft op de afzonderlijke code
|
||||
die hij of zij heeft bijgedragen aan het grotere project. Het beleid van de Linuxkernel is zij die
|
||||
bijdragen aan de code het auteursrecht op hun werk behouden, maar het vereist ook dat iedereen die
|
||||
bijdraagt een Vrije Softwarelicentie gebruikt. <a class="fn" href="#refs">3</a>.
|
||||
Andere projecten kennen een andere aanpak. OpenOffice bijvoorbeeld vereist dat het eigendom van het
|
||||
auteursrecht op alle bijdragen wordt gedeeld met het bedrijf dat het publiceert (Oracle). Andere projecten
|
||||
vereisen dat auteursrecht wordt overgedragen van de auteur naar de sponsorende organisatie. In deze gevallen
|
||||
worden alle rechten over auteursrecht permanent opgegeven door de auteur aan de organisatie. Dit is bijvoorbeeld waar
|
||||
voor alle GNU-projecten <a class="fn" href="#refs">4</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Vrije Software heeft daarom te maken met eigenaren van auteursrecht. Het eigendom van auteursrecht is belangrijk voor juridische procedures, zoals het bijwerken van de Vrije Softwarelicentie (bijvoorbeeld van <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a> naar <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GPLv3</a>), en voor het zekerstellen dat de licentie daarmee overeenstemt (en het recht om tot juridische actie over te gaan als dat noodzakelijk is).
|
||||
|
||||
<strong>Als software vrijgemaakt is, verandert met het auteursrecht niet uw recht om het te gebruiken, aangezien deze
|
||||
zijn gegarandeerd door Vrije Softwarelicenties</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Gebruiksrechten</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Vrije Softwarelicenties zijn uniek omdat ze de wet op het auteursrecht
|
||||
gebruiken om aan het publiek vrijheden te verlenen die gewoonlijk gereserveerd zijn
|
||||
voor de eigenaar van het auteursrecht. De 'PL' in 'GPL' staat voor publieke licentie ('Public License');
|
||||
de licentie verleent de meest belangrijke rechten ('<a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">de vier vrijheden</a>')
|
||||
aan iedereen. Essentieel is dat Vrije Softwarelicenties niet herroepbaar zijn. Wanneer software is gepubliceerd onder
|
||||
zo'n licentie dan zal het voor altijd voor het publiek beschikbaar zijn, en geen verandering van het hart, bedrijfsfusie, of
|
||||
juridisch argument kan de toegang tot de software verder beperken <a class="fn" href="#refs">5</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Daarom is iedereen de 'eigenaar' van de rechten op Vrije Software; we hebben allemaal onvervreemdbare rechten om het te gebruiken zoals we wensen op een manier die traditiegetrouw is voorbehouden aan het eigendom van juridisch auteursrecht.
|
||||
|
||||
In deze bredere betekenis van eigenaarschap zijn we allemaal de 'eigenaar' van Vrije Software. Onvrije software wordt vaak
|
||||
'propriëtair' genoemd, hetgeen dit verschil uitlicht als het gaat om wie de 'eigendomsrechten' heeft van de betreffende software.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Wie het auteursrecht op Vrije Software bezit heeft altijd de meeste rechten op die software. Eigenaren van Vrije Software
|
||||
kiezen ervoor om hun rechten te gebruiken om hun rechten zo breed mogelijk te delen. Daarom ligt het private eigendom op Vrije Software in de nauwe juridische zin bij software-ontwikkelaars, stichtingen en bedrijven. <strong>In breder opzicht zijn we echter allemaal de eigenaar van Vrije Software, omdat de vrijheid om het te gebruiken, te wijzigen, te delen en te verbeteren is gegarandeerd.</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="fn">Voetnoten</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol id="refs">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Hoewel er geen beperkingen zijn op auteursrecht in het publieke domein zouden er andere beperkingen kunnen zijn, zoals beperkingen op de distributie van software die worden gezien als risico voor de nationale veiligheid in de Verenigde Staten, of bijvoorbeeld beperkingen vanuit <a href="https://fsfe.org/campaigns/swpat/">softwarepatenten</a> waarmee het verwant is.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Van uitvoerbare bestanden die zich in het publieke domein bevinden is de broncode niet noodzakelijkerwijs op vergelijkbare wijze beschikbaar.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>In het bijzonder heeft de Linux Kernel een GPLv2-licentie.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Zie de <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html">verklaring</a> van het GNU-project over auteursrechttoewijzing.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Alleen een fundamentele verandering in de wet op internationaal auteursrecht zou de rechten van het publiek op Vrije Software in negatieve zin kunnen raken. Het ziet er op dit moment naar uit dat het onwaarschijnlijk is dat dit in de nabije toekomst zal plaatsvinden.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Verwante inhoud</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>"<a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">Waarom software geen eigenaren zou moeten hebben</a>" door Richard Stallman</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<tags>
|
||||
<tag content="GNU/Linux">linux</tag>
|
||||
<tag>kernel</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="auteursrecht-toewijzing">copyright-assignment</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="auteursrecht">copyright</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="patenten">patents</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="Oracle">oracle</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="OpenOffice">openoffice</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="GNU">gnu</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="GPL">gpl</tag>
|
||||
<tag content="publiek domein">public-domain</tag>
|
||||
</tags>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2011-02-17 09:31:39 +0000 (Thu, 17 Feb 2011) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
<translator>André Ockers</translator>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
|
||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<version>1</version>
|
||||
|
||||
<author id="tuke" />
|
||||
<date>
|
||||
<revision content="2012-05-24" />
|
||||
<original content="2011-09-15" />
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="description" content="Në kuptimin ligjor Software-i i Lirë është pronë e zhvilluesve, fondacioneve dhe kompanive, por në një kuptim më të gjerë të tërë ne e kemi pronë Software-in e Lirë, sepse liritë tona janë të garantuara." />
|
||||
<meta name="keywords" content="software - lirë burim i hapur foss floss oss gpl të drejta kopjimi pronar të drejta pronësi fsfe" />
|
||||
<title>Pronë e kujt është Software-i i Lirë?</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1>Pronë e kujt është Software-i i Lirë?</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Koncepte të pronësisë</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Software-i është diçka që nuk preket. Mund të mendohet si një grup idesh dhe, si i tillë, idetë tradicionale të pronësisë që shtrihen mbi objekte si sendet ushqimore dhe trualli nuk kanë vend për të. Ndaj kur flasim për gjëra të parrokshme, si software-i, kanë vend koncepte të ndryshme pronësie. Këto mund të ndahen në katër kategori:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>Autorësia</li>
|
||||
<li>Patenta</li>
|
||||
<li>Të drejta kopjimi</li>
|
||||
<li>Të drejta përdorimi</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><strong>Autorësia</strong> shpreh krijuesin origjinal, ose krijuesit origjinalë të një ideje, dhe u lejon autorëve të parandalojnë përdorimin e veprës së tyre sipas një mënyre që do të dëmtonte reputacionin e tyre. <strong>Patentat</strong> janë një sistem më vete që lidhet me procese industriale, dhe përgjithësisht prekin vetëm veprimtaritë e kompanive dhe prodhimin e të mirave materiale. <strong>Të drejtat e kopjimit</strong> janë një grup ligjesh që akordojnë të drejta ekskluzive mbi vepra krijimtarie të tilla si ilustrime, muzikë, letërsi, dhe software. Është një monopol ekskluziv mbi idetë, i imponuar nga qeveria. <strong>Të drejtat e përdorimit</strong> përcaktojnë çfarë i lejohet të bëjë faktikisht me diçka një personi, fjala vjen, a mund të kopjojë apo jo ose të shesë diçka. Ato janë një mënyrë për të kuptuar se si kufizimet ligjore prekin një person të dhënë, dhe se çfarë të drejtash ka apo nuk ka ai person.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Pronësi të Drejtash Kopjimi</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Përgjithësisht të drejtat e kopjimit kanë ndikimin më të madh mbi çka mund të bëjmë ose jo me software-in. Të drejtat e kopjimit të software-it zotërohen ose nga personi që shkrojti kodin, ose nga organizma që kanë paguar për shkrimin e tij. Këto të drejta kopjimi mund të blihen dhe shiten privatisht. Përjashtimi i vetëm është software-i që gjendet nën përkatësi publike, i cili nuk ka pronar dhe as kufizime mbi përdorimin e tij <a class="fn" href="#refs">1</a> <a class="fn" href="#refs">2</a>. Shumica e Software-it të Lirë nuk është nën përkatësinë publike. Projekte të ndryshëm Software-i të Lirë kanë rregulla të ndryshme lidhur me se cili mund të jetë pronar i të drejtave të kopjimit të software-it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel">Kerneli Linux</a>, për shembull, ka mijëra pronarë, secili prej tyre pronar i të drejtave të kopjimit mbi kodin e veçantë që ka kontribuar te projekti më i gjerë. Rregullat e kernelit Linux janë që kontribuesit në kod ruajnë pronësinë mbi të drejta kopjimi të punës së tyre, por kërkojnë gjithashtu që krejt kontributet të përdorin një licencë Software-i të Lirë <a class="fn" href="#refs">3</a>. Të tjerë projekte ecin me trajtim tjetër. OpenOffice, për shembull, kërkon që pronësia e të drejtave të kopjimit e krejt kontributeve të ndahet me kompaninë që e boton atë (Oracle). Projekte të tjera kërkojnë që të drejtat e kopjimit të kalohen nga autori te organizmi sponsorizues. Në raste të tilla krejt të drejtat që lidhen me të drejtat e kopjimit i dorëzohen organizmit përgjithmonë nga autori. Kjo është e vërtetë për krejt projektet GNU <a class="fn" href="#refs">4</a>, për shembull.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Software-i i Lirë ka pra pronarë të drejtash kopjimi. Se cili ka në pronësi të drejtat e kopjimit të Software-it të Lirë është e rëndësishme për procedurat ligjore, të tilla si përditësimi i licencës së Software-it të Lirë me një të re (psh. nga <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a> te <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GPLv3</a>), dhe për t’u siguruar që licenca gjen zbatim (dhe garantuar të drejtën për të ndërmarrë veprime ligjore kur është e nevojshme). <strong>Sidoqoftë, nëse software-i është i Lirë, ndryshimet në faktin se cili zotëron të drejtat e kopjimit për të nuk prekin të drejtat tuaja për ta përdorur, pasi këto janë të garantuara nga licencat e Software-it të Lirë</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Të drejta përdorimi</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Licencat e Software-it të Lirë janë unike për faktin se përdorin ligjet e të drejtave të kopjimit për akordim lirish publike që zakonisht rezervohen për zotëruesin e të drejtave të kopjimit. 'PL'-ja tek 'GPL'-ja është shkurtim i 'Licencë Publike'; licenca i jep gjithkujt të drejtat më të rëndësishme ('<a href="/about/basics/freesoftware.html">Katër Liritë</a>'). Veçanërisht e rëndësishme, licencat e Software-it të Lirë janë gjithashtu të paprapësueshme. Pasi software-i të jetë bërë publik sipas një licence të tillë, do të jetë përgjithmonë i passhëm publikisht, dhe asnjë ndërrim mendjeje, shkrirje dhe bashkim korporatash, apo diskutime ligjore nuk mund të kufizojnë më tej aksesin në të <a class="fn" href="#refs">5</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Kështu, gjithkush 'ka në pronësi' të drejta mbi Software-in e Lirë; të tërë ne kemi të drejta të patjetërsueshme për ta përdorur si na pëlqen, në një mënyrë që tradicionalisht i përshoqërohet pronësisë ligjore të të drejtave të kopjimit. Në këtë kuptim më të gjerë të pronësisë krejt ne "jemi pronarë" të Software-it të Lirë. Disa mbrojtës të Software-it të Lirë i referohen Software-it të Lirë si "në pronësi të publikut". Software-it Jo të Lirë shpesh i referohen si 'pronësor', term i cili thekson këtë dallim lidhur me se cili "zotëron" të drejtat mbi software-in në fjalë.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Kushdo që zotëron të drejtat e kopjimit mbi Software-in e Lirë ka përherë gjithë të drejtat mbi atë software. Zotëruesit e Software-it të Lirë zgjedhin t’i përdorin të drejtat e tyre për t’i ndarë ato me të tjerët sa më gjerësisht që të mundet. Ndaj, në një kuptim të ngushtë ligjor Software-i i Lirë është në pronësi private të programuesve të software-it, fondacioneve dhe kompanive. <strong>Megjithatë, në një kuptim më të gjerë, të tërë ne kemi në pronësi Software-in e Lirë, ngaqë liria jonë për ta përdorur, modifikuar, ndarë me të tjerët, dhe përmirësuar, është e garantuar</strong>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 id="fn">Shënime</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol id="refs">
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Edhe pse nuk ka kufizime të drejtash kopjimi mbi vepra në pronësi publike, mund të ketë kufizime të tjera, të tilla si kufizime mbi shpërndarjen e software-it të konsideruar se përbën rrezik për sigurinë kombëtare në Shtetet e Bashkuara, ose kufizime që lidhen me <a href="https://fsfe.org/campaigns/swpat/">patenta software-i</a>, për shembull.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Kartelat e ekzekutueshme që janë në përkatësi publike jo domosdoshmërisht e kanë njësoj të passhëm edhe kodin e tyre burim.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Saktësisht, Kerneli Linux licencohet sipas GPLv2.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Shihni <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html">deklaratën</a> e projektit GNU mbi akordimin e të drejtave të kopjimit.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>Vetëm një ndryshim thelbësor në ligjet ndërkombëtare për të drejtat e kopjimit do të mund të prekte për keq të drejtat e publikut mbi Software-in e Lirë. Hëpërhë kjo duket pa gjasa në të ardhmen e afërt.</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="related">
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Lëndë e përafërt</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>"<a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html">Pse Software-i Nuk Do Të Duhej Të Kishte Pronarë</a>" nga Richard Stallman</li>
|
||||
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
<tags>
|
||||
<tag>linux</tag>
|
||||
<tag>kernel</tag>
|
||||
<tag>copyright-assignment</tag>
|
||||
<tag>copyright</tag>
|
||||
<tag>patents</tag>
|
||||
<tag>oracle</tag>
|
||||
<tag>openoffice</tag>
|
||||
<tag>gnu</tag>
|
||||
<tag>gpl</tag>
|
||||
<tag>public-domain</tag>
|
||||
</tags>
|
||||
<timestamp>$Date: 2011-02-17 09:31:39 +0000 (Thu, 17 Feb 2011) $ $Author: maelle $</timestamp>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Local Variables: ***
|
||||
mode: xml ***
|
||||
End: ***
|
||||
-->
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user