correct footnotes
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<div>
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<h3 id="sustainable-handover">Sustainable handover</h3>
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<p>The release of software under a Free License<a class="fn" href="#fn6">6</a> enables a sustainable business and development model even after a solution has been handed over to the partner organizations, and offers unlocking the full potential of the digital resource: Since there are no license costs, no licensing restrictions or dependencies, Free Software can be reused and scaled without limitations - locally and globally. </p>
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<p>The release of software under a Free License<a class="fn" href="#fn5">5</a> enables a sustainable business and development model even after a solution has been handed over to the partner organizations, and offers unlocking the full potential of the digital resource: Since there are no license costs, no licensing restrictions or dependencies, Free Software can be reused and scaled without limitations - locally and globally. </p>
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<h3 id="local-economy">Growing the local economy</h3>
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<p>Free Software offers legally safe possibilities for further development of existing code and modifications of software. In particular, the unrestricted possibilities of further development and localization by third parties enable the creation, use and development of digital resources on site. If local players are commissioned for further development or localisation of an existing software, this leads directly to the strengthening of the local economic power and the installation of local competence. Under certain circumstances, the expertise gained in this way can even be exported as a service<a class="fn" href="#fn7">7</a>. </p>
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<p>Free Software offers legally safe possibilities for further development of existing code and modifications of software. In particular, the unrestricted possibilities of further development and localization by third parties enable the creation, use and development of digital resources on site. If local players are commissioned for further development or localisation of an existing software, this leads directly to the strengthening of the local economic power and the installation of local competence. Under certain circumstances, the expertise gained in this way can even be exported as a service<a class="fn" href="#fn6">6</a>. </p>
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<h3 id="cost-transparency">Cost control and transparency</h3>
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<p>Due to the absence of usage restrictions and license fees, a successful Free Software solution can be copied or implemented without limitation. This can benefit the limited budgets in developing countries<a class="fn" href="#fn8">8</a>. In particular, there is no danger of hidden costs as with proprietary solutions that are offered at a low price at the outset but could impose high follow-up costs or other uncontrollable price structures after their implementation and the resulting dependencies.
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<p>Due to the absence of usage restrictions and license fees, a successful Free Software solution can be copied or implemented without limitation. This can benefit the limited budgets in developing countries<a class="fn" href="#fn7">7</a>. In particular, there is no danger of hidden costs as with proprietary solutions that are offered at a low price at the outset but could impose high follow-up costs or other uncontrollable price structures after their implementation and the resulting dependencies.
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<h3 id="flexibility">Flexibility</h3>
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<p>The freedom to improve and reuse Free Software also enables international development cooperation actors on the donor side to achieve maximum flexibility and scaling of any self-developed IT solution without additional license costs<a class="fn" href="#fn9">9,</a> <a class="fn" href="#fn10">10</a>: Good solutions from one place can be reused at another.</p>
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<p>The freedom to improve and reuse Free Software also enables international development cooperation actors on the donor side to achieve maximum flexibility and scaling of any self-developed IT solution without additional license costs<a class="fn" href="#fn8">8,</a> <a class="fn" href="#fn9">9</a>: Good solutions from one place can be reused at another.</p>
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<h3 id="local-translations">Localisations and translations</h3>
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<p>In addition to software modifications, Free Software enables the independent and unlimited translation of existing software and documentation into any local language and adapting to cultural conditions. Such a localization can help to overcome part of the "digital divide" between English and non-English speakers<a class="fn" href="#fn11">11</a>. Additional local modifications of the software to better fit into cultural conditions enable the inclusion of local companies and ultimately increase the adoption and acceptance of an IT solution by its local users.</p>
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<p>In addition to software modifications, Free Software enables the independent and unlimited translation of existing software and documentation into any local language and adapting to cultural conditions. Such a localization can help to overcome part of the "digital divide" between English and non-English speakers<a class="fn" href="#fn10">10</a>. Additional local modifications of the software to better fit into cultural conditions enable the inclusion of local companies and ultimately increase the adoption and acceptance of an IT solution by its local users.</p>
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<h3 id="local-partnerships">Local partnerships</h3>
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<p>Local partners can be involved already during early conception stages or in designing local modifications and implementations - as well as later in the translation, training or delivery of the software<a class="fn" href="#fn12">12</a>. These local partnerships can be very helpful in incrementally introducing technologies, promoting adoption and facilitating the learning curve<a class="fn" href="#fn13">13</a>. Ideally, a local market for the purchase of technical expertise gets formed and starts growing.
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<p>Local partners can be involved already during early conception stages or in designing local modifications and implementations - as well as later in the translation, training or delivery of the software<a class="fn" href="#fn11">11</a>. These local partnerships can be very helpful in incrementally introducing technologies, promoting adoption and facilitating the learning curve<a class="fn" href="#fn12">13</a>. Ideally, a local market for the purchase of technical expertise gets formed and starts growing.
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<h3 id="competition">Competition</h3>
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<p>Since Free Software may be modified for any purpose, this also applies to commercial use. Free Software promotes local and international competition by allowing existing solutions to be reused or to build services around existing solutions that can be offered locally without having to pay a "producer" any usage fee<a class="fn" href="#fn14">14</a>. It also prevents the creation of a monopoly.</p>
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<p>Since Free Software may be modified for any purpose, this also applies to commercial use. Free Software promotes local and international competition by allowing existing solutions to be reused or to build services around existing solutions that can be offered locally without having to pay a "producer" any usage fee<a class="fn" href="#fn13">13</a>. It also prevents the creation of a monopoly.</p>
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<h3 id="open-standards">Open standards</h3>
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<p>Free Software offers the best possibilities to ensure cooperative global interoperability through global adaptability and reusability and the use of open standards<a class="fn" href="#fn15">15</a>. Publicly provided open standards can be integrated by different vendors into their software and thus ensure communication between different services.</p>
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<p>Free Software offers the best possibilities to ensure cooperative global interoperability through global adaptability and reusability and the use of open standards<a class="fn" href="#fn14">14</a>. Publicly provided open standards can be integrated by different vendors into their software and thus ensure communication between different services.</p>
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<h3 id="security-quality">Security and quality</h3>
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<p>The openness of the source code enables a "many eyes principle". As in science, the possibility of mutual control ensures high quality and often enables security problems to be found and eliminated quickly. Security problems may also be published and solved; users can thus be informed and warned immediately<a class="fn" href="#fn16">16</a>.</p>
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<p>The openness of the source code enables a "many eyes principle". As in science, the possibility of mutual control ensures high quality and often enables security problems to be found and eliminated quickly. Security problems may also be published and solved; users can thus be informed and warned immediately<a class="fn" href="#fn15">15</a>.</p>
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<li id="fn2">In order to unlock the full developmental potential and strategic advantages of using Free Software in international development cooperation, the possibility of migrating existing system architectures and re-licensing past software developments should be considered. However, this article focuses on the demand to publish future software development as Free Software.</li>
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<li id="fn3"><a href="https://www.unicefinnovationfund.org/about#open_source">https://www.unicefinnovationfund.org/about#open_source</a></li>
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<li id="fn4">Compare <a href="https://publiccode.eu/">https://publiccode.eu/</a></li>
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<li id="fn6">Eligible are any licenses authorized as free licenses by the Free Software Foundation (<a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>) or the Open Source Initiative (<a href="http://opensource.org/licenses">http://opensource.org/licenses</a>).</li>
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<li id="fn7">Examples for such positive economic developments are <a href="https://www.dhis2.org">DHIS2</a> and <a href="https://openmrs.org">OpenMRS</a></li>
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<li id="fn8">The UN study "Breaking Barriers - The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development" (<a href="https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/democratic_governance/RBAP-DG-APDIP-2006-Breaking-Barriers.pdf">PDF</a>) lists case studies about the use of Free Software in different parts of the world. It says that <em>"All projects discussed in this publication state that one of the main reasons for choosing FOSS over proprietary software is that no license fees need to be paid for FOSS."</em> (p.5)</li>
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<li id="fn9">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”, p. 170</li>
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<li id="fn10">Response of the German government on the <a href="https://kleineanfragen.de/bundestag/19/12172-auswirkungen-der-digitalisierung-fuer-den-globalen-sueden.txt">questions by the Greens, answer 26</a>: "The use of Free Software in public administration can have advantages for developing countries. Depending on the type of software, area of application and number of users, the use of Free Software can above all help to save costs and make IT systems interoperable, thus reducing dependence on providers who use proprietary interfaces and formats." (own translation)</li>
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<li id="fn11">The UN study: “Breaking Barriers - The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development” (<a href="https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/democratic_governance/RBAP-DG-APDIP-2006-Breaking-Barriers.pdf">PDF</a>) lists multiple case studies in developing countries and within Europe, whose software success and adoption was only due to language adoptions as these projects aim at <em>“getting non-English speaking communities to use computers.”</em> (p. 6).</li>
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<li id="fn12">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”</li>
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<li id="fn13">Compare “Free and Open Source Software and Technology for Sustainable Development” (Sowe et al., UNU Press, 2012), s.317: <em>“Partnerships are even more important: partners who together define the problems, design possible solutions, collaborate to implement them and monitor and evaluate the outcome. [...] Introducing technology too fast, without clear goals that are negotiated by all parties involved, will eventually result in its rejection. FOSS technologies for sustainable development should be more evolutionary than revolutionary.”</em></li>
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<li id="fn14">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”, p 170</li>
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<li id="fn15">Open standards are standards that are accessible for all market participants, that are usable and improvable. For detailed information see: <a href="/freesoftware/standards/">FSFE – Open Standards</a></li>
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<li id="fn16">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”</li>
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<li id="fn5">Eligible are any licenses authorized as free licenses by the Free Software Foundation (<a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>) or the Open Source Initiative (<a href="http://opensource.org/licenses">http://opensource.org/licenses</a>).</li>
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<li id="fn6">Examples for such positive economic developments are <a href="https://www.dhis2.org">DHIS2</a> and <a href="https://openmrs.org">OpenMRS</a></li>
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<li id="fn7">The UN study "Breaking Barriers - The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development" (<a href="https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/democratic_governance/RBAP-DG-APDIP-2006-Breaking-Barriers.pdf">PDF</a>) lists case studies about the use of Free Software in different parts of the world. It says that <em>"All projects discussed in this publication state that one of the main reasons for choosing FOSS over proprietary software is that no license fees need to be paid for FOSS."</em> (p.5)</li>
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<li id="fn8">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”, p. 170</li>
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<li id="fn9">Response of the German government on the <a href="https://kleineanfragen.de/bundestag/19/12172-auswirkungen-der-digitalisierung-fuer-den-globalen-sueden.txt">questions by the Greens, answer 26</a>: "The use of Free Software in public administration can have advantages for developing countries. Depending on the type of software, area of application and number of users, the use of Free Software can above all help to save costs and make IT systems interoperable, thus reducing dependence on providers who use proprietary interfaces and formats." (own translation)</li>
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<li id="fn10">The UN study: “Breaking Barriers - The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development” (<a href="https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/democratic_governance/RBAP-DG-APDIP-2006-Breaking-Barriers.pdf">PDF</a>) lists multiple case studies in developing countries and within Europe, whose software success and adoption was only due to language adoptions as these projects aim at <em>“getting non-English speaking communities to use computers.”</em> (p. 6).</li>
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<li id="fn11">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”</li>
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<li id="fn12">Compare “Free and Open Source Software and Technology for Sustainable Development” (Sowe et al., UNU Press, 2012), s.317: <em>“Partnerships are even more important: partners who together define the problems, design possible solutions, collaborate to implement them and monitor and evaluate the outcome. [...] Introducing technology too fast, without clear goals that are negotiated by all parties involved, will eventually result in its rejection. FOSS technologies for sustainable development should be more evolutionary than revolutionary.”</em></li>
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<li id="fn13">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”, p 170</li>
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<li id="fn14">Open standards are standards that are accessible for all market participants, that are usable and improvable. For detailed information see: <a href="/freesoftware/standards/">FSFE – Open Standards</a></li>
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<li id="fn15">BMZ Toolkit 2.0 – Digitalisierung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (<a href="https://projekt.do-foss.de/attachments/540/2019-01_-_BMZ_-_Toolkit_2.0_-_Digitalisierung_in_der_Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.pdf">PDF</a>), 4.3.3 “Open Source – Nutzung und Entwicklung freier Software”</li>
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<p>Icon attributions in order of appearance:</p>
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